Read/write mode operating distance optimization for 13.56MHz contactless IC cards

Today, lots of electronical systems like the Automated Fare Collection, Automatic Vehicle Management, Passenger Information, On-Board Video Surveillance and Alternative Payment Systems use ISO/IEC 14443 Type A 13.56MHz contactless IC cards. Generally, these cards have read/write mode operation distance between 0 and 10cm from antenna of the system. Maximum card working distance is very important for performance of systems that assembled in field. In this study, different read/write mode operating distance optimization techniques has been discussed and applied to a bus payment system.