Operational security at high penetrations of stochastic, non-synchronous generation

As levels of stochastic, non-synchronous renewable generation (wind, wave and solar) significantly increase, system operators are faced with many new operational challenges. Consequently, there is a growing need to create flexible operational strategies based on near-real-time system assessment. This paper presents an outline of the operational challenges arising from stochastic, non-synchronous generation, as well as the tools which can be used to cost-effectively enhance operational security.