Energy Aware Evolutionary routing protocol with probabilistic sensing model and wake-up scheduling

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become increasingly popular in recent years for controlling systems where human intervention is undesirable or impossible. The main challenges in designing and planning the operations WSNs are to optimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolong the network lifetime. Hierarchical routing protocols are proven to be efficient to drastically reduce the energy consumption and prolong the lifespan of the network. For example, Energy-Aware Evolutionary Routing Protocol (EAERP) is an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) based routing protocol that aims to achieve a better compromise between the stability time and network lifetime. This paper reformulates the design of EAERP according to the sensing model. Specifically, disc (isotropic) and probabilistic sensing model are considered. Moreover, for further extension of network lifetime a novel wake-up scheduling scheme applied to alternate between idle and active state of sensor nodes. As sensors become unable to cover targets due to consuming their energies another sensors will wake up and enroll in sensing duty. Extensive simulations are performed for each of sensing models and results show that the proposed protocol improves the energy efficiency and network lifetime.