Erkios: End-to-end field-based RAS testing

Today´s increasingly-stressed grids are relying more on remedial actions schemes (RAS) as an emergency tripwire to stop a blackout. One problem associated with RAS is that once they are deployed only some of their components are tested, and then infrequently. In this paper we introduce Erkios, a middleware framework for testing RAS end-to-end and in-field. This paper presents an analysis of the requirements for such testing, the design of Erkios including its failures handled, and a description of the Erkios prototype.