High-frequency planar transformer parameter estimation using differential evolution

High-frequency planar transformers are widely adopted for power converters. They are also sources of unwanted parasitics such as winding resistances and leakage inductances. Thus, a good electrical model of high frequency planar transformers is essential for accurate circuit simulation of switched-mode power converters. In such cases, it is necessary to represent a transformer with a precise equivalent electrical circuit that can show the behavior of the transformer under varying operating frequency, voltage and current.