Contemplation of transformer loss evaluation methods in vertically integrated and decentralized energy systems

The majority of published loss evaluation methods reflect on vertically-integrated systems where the generation, transmission and distribution facilities had been owned either by private regulated utilities or by public companies/ government agencies. Particular attention should be given where these vertically-integrated systems are “dis-integrated” into multiple businesses. Given the new era of low carbon electricity markets, it is imperative to address the concept of loss evaluation in a disintegrated market environment with high renewable energy penetration. Therefore, the paper contemplates the main available transformer loss evaluation methods, both, in vertically integrated and decentralized energy systems. In addition, it summarizes and benchmarks the current efforts to address the concept of loss evaluation in energy systems that are experiencing a high penetration of renewable energy sources.