Neurons, viscose fluids, freshwater polyp hydra-and self-organizing information systems

Principles of self-organisation are presented and are applied to the fields of the Web, which has developed its form from the bottom up; e-science, in which a grid of intelligent components interacted towards a greater understanding of the science concerned; peer-to-peer systems, that lend themselves to information systems that do not work with centralized authority; software and hardware agents; and mobile applications, which often defy centralized control.