Load-independent behavioural model for CMOS operational amplifiers

The paper describes a general purpose behavioural model for CMOS operational amplifiers. The model is completely characterised by the operational amplifier´s performance specifications; it represents correctly both large- and small-signal behaviour, and is independent of load conditions. Being described entirely in terms of a set of differential equations, the model can be implemented in any analogue hardware description language. The model´s performance is illustrated by a number of simulations run on a C-language implementation of the model, the results of which are compared with SPICE simulations of device-level descriptions of the op-amps being modelled