The effects of electromagnetic fields on cardiac pacemakers

After a brief description of the different types of pacemakers and how they function, the authors address the effects of electromagnetic fields on cardiac pacemakers. The five ways electromagnetic fields can affect pacemakers (temporary inhibition of the pacemaker, temporary function at the fixed noise rate, temporary function at the fixed magnet rate, permanent inhibition or malfunction, and random reprogramming) are discussed. Field experience of one of the co-authors who wears a pacemaker at two Voice of America (VOA) transmitting facilities is described and recommendations are included on safety distances for pacemaker wearers in specific areas of a shortwave and medium wave transmitting facility