Generalized BV diagrams for higher order transverse modes in planar vertical-cavity laser diodes

We use a new class of complex dispersion characteristics to analyze threshold properties of gain-guided vertical-cavity lasers. The analysis gives a fundamental gain limit for single transverse mode oscillation. The general behavior of higher order transverse modes is described by rather universal diagrams that are useful as a guideline for practical device design. A comparison between gain- and index-guided devices shows differences in effective modal gains and wavelength separations between fundamental and neighboring higher order modes. For near threshold operation of gain-guided lasers, the suppression of higher transverse modes is generally improved for large mirror reflectivities. The discussion of real devices considers the important influence of the current induced parasitic temperature profile