The value of substitute processes

This article suggests substitution of processes as a means of releasing machining capacity and thus relieving the acute shortage of machine tools, small tools and relevant toolroom capacity. The principles of substitution, including modification of design and reconstruction of production layout to reduce or eliminate machining processes, are illustrated by a number of examples. These examples of the use of pressing, die-casting, welding, etc., as substitute processes form part of an unlimited range of possibilities with which resourceful and experienced production engineers can meet the present emergency.