Versatile load flow method for multiterminal HVDC systems

Any configuration of multiterminal HVdc system is accommodated in a generalized Newton dc load-flow program. It readily interfaces with any ac load flow program. Pract ical operating requirements have been given particular attention to permit aspects such as converter transformer tap-limits, pole and bipolar dc outages, emergency pole-paralleling and detailed control and scheduling strategies. Examples are provided of typical solutions incorporating realistic dc and ac systems, and accomplished in conjunction with an established modern ac load flow program.