A TDIE-based asynchronous electromagnetic-circuit simulator

A time-domain integral-equation based hybrid electromagnetic (EM)-circuit (CKT) simulator that allows the signals (fields/voltages/currents) in each EM or CKT subsystem to be sampled and tracked using a local, subsystem-specific, time-step size is proposed. The proposed asynchronous time-stepping/coupling approach generalizes the standard synchronous time-stepping/coupling approach, where all the signals in the entire system are tracked using one system-global time-step size. The nonlinear analysis of a bipolar junction transistor driven chip-to-package interconnect demonstrates that the asynchronous simulator exhibits improved accuracy, efficiency, and convergence