H.F. ionospheric radar ground-scatter map showing land-sea boundaries by a spectral-separation technique

Ionospherically propagated h.f. radio waves that have been backscattered from the sea can often be distinguished from those backscattered from land because of their different Doppler spectra. This characteristic has been exploited to generate an ionospheric radar map of the south-east United States from Boulder, Colo., by gating out the sea-scatter Doppler components. The agreement between the observed and actual land-sea boundaries is good.