Application of the Two-Step Compensation Method to Line-Out and Line-End Fault Calculations

This paper presents an application of the two-step compensation method to the most commonly performed line-out and line-end fault calculations, demonstrating the use, generality and flexibility of the algorithm. The paper is aimed at both computer applications engineers who might implement the algorithm described herein in software packages, and protection engineers who might use the paper´s heuristics to efficiently guide their analyses. The compensation-based scheme is extremely powerful for solving problems involving large-scale power systems. Detailed, step-by-step numerical computations are carried out for five examples in this application paper. The examples include calculations for a line-end fault with ensuing line outages. Mutual couplings are included in the network.