Retrieval algorithms for the EOS Microwave limb sounder (MLS)

The retrieval algorithms for the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura spacecraft, launched on July 15, 2004, are described. These algorithms are used to produce estimates of geophysical parameters such as vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and composition ("Level 2" data) from the calibrated MLS observations of microwave limb radiance ("Level 1" data). The MLS algorithms are based on the standard optimal estimation approach, a weighted nonlinear least squares optimization with a priori constraints. New aspects include adaptation to a two-dimensional system, and an approach to the issues of retrieval "phasing" and error propagation that differs from that taken for previous similar instruments. Important new aspects of the software that implements these algorithms are also described, along with the algorithm configuration for the "version 1.5" dataset. Some examples are shown from MLS in-orbit observations.