Formulas for calculating time constants of RC integrators and differentiators using cascaded resistive L-sections

A generalised set of formulas is suggested for evaluating enhanced and lowered time constants of single-op-amp RC integrators and differentiators that use cascaded resistive L-sections in two different modes. The enhancement and lowering can be made more efficient by selecting arbitrary shunt-arm resistors. This procedure makes the realisation largely insensitive to the gain parameter when higher-order L-sections are cascaded.