The Effects of Terminations and Dissipation on the Insertion Loss of Some Simple Ladder Filters

The use of nonstandard terminations improves the selectivity of the simple ladder filters and makes it possible to use elements of relatively low Q. Universal curves of insertion loss, indicating the combined effects of the terminations and of dissipation in the filter elements, are presented so as to apply to low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters for the constant-¿ half and full section and the full section terminated by m-derived half sections.