Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control

The authors first describe two theories of sensation-specificity theory and pattern convergence theory- and the forms of treating pain they suggested. They then describe the development of TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) from the Melzack-Wall pain model, and its application to the treatment of chronic and acute pain. Optimal electrode placement is discussed. Research since the Melzack-Wall theory is examined, particularly with regard to segmental influences and supraspinal modulation.