An RF-powered, wireless CMOS temperature sensor

We present a wireless, fully integrated CMOS temperature sensor that recovers power from a radio frequency (RF) signal, and returns data as a frequency-modulated 2.3-GHz signal to a base station. Power is recovered from a 450-MHz incident signal with the help of a low-threshold, high-efficiency, voltage rectifier-multiplier circuit. This technique decreases the minimum incident RF power required, compared to state-of-the-art wirelessly powered telemetry systems. The rectifier-multiplier can collect energy from a base station placed up to 18 m away. To further increase the range from the base, the device collects energy in a low power standby/charging mode. A mode selector circuit monitors the amount stored energy and decides if the system is transmitting data or is in the standby/charging mode. A bootstrapped reference generates a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage with an R-squared regression of 0.9995 to a linear fit. This reference is used as the temperature sensor of the system, controlling a low-power, integrated, voltage-controlled LC oscillator (VCO). The oscillation frequency of the VCO is modulated by ambient temperature changes. The modulated carrier is transmitted by a fully integrated power amplifier. A temperature sensitivity of 126 ppm/degC is achieved and the entire sensor consumes 1.1 mA while transmitting data