Line-of-Sight Propagation Phenomena-II. Scattered Components

The foregoing investigation of lie-of-sight propagation through a turbulent atmosphere is continued and enlarged. Generalizations of the ray calculation to include scattering contributions by off-axis blobs are given. It is found that the previous expressions for rms phase errors are substantially maintained. The dependence of these fluctuations on receiving antenna beamwidth is adduced. These techniques are then applied to estimate phase scintillation for transmission through a rainstorm. Meteorological data are used to relate such errors to rainfall intensity and infer scintillation frequency spectra. Numerical values for these effects are given for representative atmospheric conditions.