An equivalent circuit for narrow-band nonideal circulators

The scattering parameters of a simple equivalent circuit based upon modification of an earlier circuit of Bosma [1] are derived and compared with previously published experimental results to demonstrate the suitability of the equivalent circuit for use in the analysis of microwave circuits such as circulator-coupled single-stage and multi-stage negative-resistance amplifiers. The approach followed here can be generalized to obtain circuit models for broad-band circulators.