Noise in active resonators and the available dynamic range

Active resonators used to make bandpass filters are shown to suffer from a fundamental deterioration in available dynamic range with increasing Q, which is shown to arise from the dissipation in the transistors simulating inductance or performing an equivalent function. An active resonator with Q>1 may only attain a specified dynamic range with the use of a larger tuning capacitance than its passive counterpart, and with a consequent larger lower dissipation at a given frequency of operation. This poses a serious limitation on the integrated circuit realization of high-frequency filters with high- Q poles