Ergonomic design for perspective flight-path displays

The design and evaluation for a display of a four-dimensional perspective flight-path predictor (X, Y, Z, and time) are described. Five basic principles of human performance are used to guide the choice of display configuration: (1) working memory limitations; (2) object integrality; (3) compatibility; (4) consistency; and (5) visual momentum. Each principle is discussed along with the corresponding display and experimental design. Twenty-four pilots flew simulated approaches to North American airports, using one of three displays: (1) a display with four-dimensional preview and predictor information, which was configured with inside-out perspective; (2) the same display configured with outside-in perspective; or (3) an inside-out flight director with neither preview nor predictor. The results revealed an advantage for predictor/preview information, which was greatest with the inside-out perspective. The display aids did not appear to be helpful.<>