Numerical solution of forces and torques

The paper deals with the calculation of forces and torques for two-dimensional (cartesian, polar, axialsymmetric coordinates) magnetostatic (MS) and stationary eddy-current (SEC) problems solved by the computer program ´PROFI´. The numerical solution of Maxwell´s equations using finite differences gives the input data for three different kinds of forces, which are caused by 1. currents, 2. change of permeability, 3. permanent magnets. The nonlinearity and the lamination of materials are taken into account. Both constant fields and fields varying sinusoidally with time are considered.