نقدي بر كتاب «چارچوبي تازه براي تحليل امنيت»

A New Framework for Analysis of Security

اﻣﺮوزه دو ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻜﺮي در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد: ﺳـﻨﺖ ﮔﺮاﻳـﺎن ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮع اﻣﻨﻴﺖ را ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ- ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و دوم ﮔﺮوﻫـﻲ ﻛـﻪ دﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻌﻲ از ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻣﻨﻴﺖ دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ و زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻫﻢ وﺟﻮد دارد. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺘـﺎب ﭼـﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺗـﺎزه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دارد، ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺮ دو دﻳﺪﮔﺎه، ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ اﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، دﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﺎر وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮي در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﻫﺪف ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﭙﻨﻬﺎگ در رواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ آن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﭼﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎزه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮد و زﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻛﺘﺎب ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻓﻜﺮي ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﭙﻨﻬﺎگ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ دوم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺛﺮ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷـﻜﻠﻲ اﺛـﺮ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎرم و ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﻧﻘـﺪ و ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاﻳﻲ و روش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺛﺮ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ دروﻧﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻳﻲ اﺛـﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺎص و ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﭙﻨﻬﺎگ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺎم از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ.

Two schools of thought now exist in security studies: traditionalists want to restrict the subject to politico-military issues; while wideners want to extend it to the economic, societal and environmental sectors. This book sets out a comprehensive statement of the new security studies, establishing the case for the broader agenda. The authors argue that security is a particular type of politics applicable to a wide range of issues. Answering the traditionalists charge that this model makes the subject incoherent, they offer a constructivist operational method for distinguishing the process of securitization from that of politicization. Their approach incorporates the traditionalist agenda and dissolves the artificial boundary between security studies and international political economy, opening the way for a fruitful interplay between the two fields. It also shows how the theory of regional security complexes remains relevant in today's world.