ارزيابي اثر فن آوري اطلاعات و ارتباطات بر محيط زيست

Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Environment

ﻓﻦ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت (ﻓﺎوا) ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ، اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن را ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮي ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﺎوا ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﻮدن اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻮردي اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺸﻮري ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮي ﺑﺤﺚ و اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻣﺪل ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش دادهﻫﺎي ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘﯽ (Panel Data)، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮآورد اﺛﺮ ﻓﻦ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ در دو ﮔﺮوه از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ (از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯾﺮان) ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﯽ 2005- 1990 ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از آن دارد ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷﺪت آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻓﻦ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ روﻧﺪ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ را ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و از اﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺮا ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭼﻨﺪان ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪ ﺷﺪن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻦ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت در اﯾﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻪﺳﺰاﯾﯽ اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ.

In the past few years, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications have been widely transformed human life. Based on theoretical principles, it seems that ICT through digitalizing of economic activities can improve environmental quality. This hypnosis is not verifiable simply and needs case studies researches. This article shed light on this point in a macro level, through cross-country approach. To do that we selected two separated groups of countries, which are: OECD countries as highly developed ones and some of the developing counties (including Iran) and developed a generic model and estimated it through Panel Data technique for 1990-2005. The results imply a significant but light observable impact of Information and Communication Technology on environment in developed countries. However, in developing countries it doesn't make sense significantly. It seems that developed countries would be able to achieve the maturity threshold of ICT application and consequently benefit from its capabilities to preserve the environment which developing countries have long way to achieve this