تأثير همزمان كيفيت بذر، تراكم كاشت و كود نيتروژن بر صفات فيزيولوژيكي و عملكردي گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

The simultaneous effect of seed quality, plant density, and nitrogen fertilizer on physiological and yield characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ ﺑﺬر، ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﺑﺮ ﺻـﻔﺎت ﮐﻤـﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ ﮔﻨـﺪم، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﺮﮔﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﭙﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﻼت در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻠﻮك ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ 4 ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 95-1394 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن در 3 ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه، 15 و 30 درﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه (ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 125، 143/75 و 162/5 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر) و ﺗـﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ در دو ﺳﻄﺢ 350 و 420 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﮐﻪ در ﮐﺮت ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻨﺪ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺑـﺬر در 4 ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ، 15، 30 و 45 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﺷﺪه در ﮐﺮت ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧـﻪ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﭘـﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ و ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ ﺑﺬر، ﺗـﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷـﺖ و ﮐـﻮد ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن ﻣﻌﻨـﯽ دار ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑـﺎ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳـﻄﻮح ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ داﻧﻪ، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار آﻣﺎري در ﻫﻤﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ (ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ از درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ و درﺻﺪ ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن داﻧﻪ) ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن 30 درﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ 420 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ و درﺻـﺪ ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن داﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺗﯿﻤﺎري 350 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ 30 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و ﺳﻄﻮح ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن 15 درﺻـﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺗﯿﻤﺎري 420 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ 45 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن 30 درﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﯽ ﺑﺬر ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺻﻔﺎت ﮐﻤﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ وﻟﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺻﻔﺎت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ، ﻣﯿﺰان اﻓـﺖ ﮐﯿﻔﯿـﺖ را از اﯾـﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪ.

In order to study the effect of seed aging, plant density, and nitrogen fertilization on physiological and yield characteristics of wheat, an experiment was performed as a split plot based on RCBD with four replications in 2015-2016. Experimental factors were three levels of nitrogen in recommended amount, 15 and 30 percent more than the recommended amount (125, 143.75, and 162.5 kgN.ha-1, respectively) and plant density at two levels, namely 350 and 420 plants per square meter which were the main plots and seed quality at four levels including control, 15, 30, and 45 hours of accelerated aging was subplots. Grain yield, protein and starch performance were significant under the triple effects of seed quality, planting density, and nitrogen fertilizer. With increasing levels of seed aging significant reduction were observed in all traits (except grain protein and nitrogen percentage). Application of nitrogen fertilizer 30 percent more than the recommended dose, as well as plant density of 420 plants per square meter significantly increased grain protein and nitrogen percentage. The highest average protein yield was achieved in the combined treatment of 350 plant square meters at 30-hour aging level and nitrogen fertilizer at 15 percent more than the recommended dose and also in combined treatment of 420 plant square meters, 45-hour aging level, and the nitrogen level 30 percent more than the recommended dose. Generally, seed deterioration reduced its quantitative and qualitative characteristics but more nitrogen fertilizer improved quality traits, thereby improving the quality loss.