چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: در سالهاي اخير، با رشد تكنولوژي آموزش، يادگيرندگان استثنايي تحتتأثير استفاده از تكنولوژيهاي كمكي قرار گرفتهاند. تكنولوژي كمكي تحتعنوان هر آيتم، قطعهاي از تجهيزات يا سيستيم توليدي تجاري همگاني تعديلشده يا سفارشي كه براي افزايش و نگهداري يا ارتقاي توانايي كاركردي فرد داراي نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه استفاده شده، تعريف ميشود. اين تكنولوژي براي افرادي به كار ميرود كه درمقايسه با همسالان عادي خود تفاوت درخور توجهي را در ويژگيهاي ذهني، ارتباطي، تواناييهاي حسي، رشد عاطفيرفتاري و ويژگيهاي جسماني دارند.
روشبررسي: در اين راستا، ازطريق مطالعهٔ مروري نظاممند و كليدواژههاي تخصصي Assistive technology و Instructional Technology و Learning Technology درحوزهٔ نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه و با استفاده از اسامي گروههاي كودكان استثنايي شامل Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities،Specific Learning Disabilities ، ADHD، Autism Spectrum Disorder، Emotional-Behavior Disorder، Communication, Language, and Speech Disorders،Deaf or Hard of Hearing, Visual Impairments or Blindness، Children with Physical Disabilities،Health Impairments and Multiple Disabilities در پايگاههاي اطلاعات پژوهشي شامل PubMed، Springer، ProQuest،Scopus ، Elsevier، Science direct، Google Scholar بين سالهاي 1993تا2017، يافتهها و اطلاعات مدنظر جهت دستيابي به هدف پژوهش، واكاوي شد.
يافتهها: از بين 83 مقالهٔ پژوهشي انتخابي، پژوهشهاي انجامشده در ارتباط با كاربرد تكنولوژي كمكي درحوزهٔ نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه، اختلالات يادگيري ويژه از بيشترين فراواني (با تعداد 38) برخوردار بوده و تحقيقي در ارتباط با اختلالهاي رفتاري و عاطفي انجام نشده است. دراينراستا، مطالعات آزمايشي (با 57درصد) بيشترين فراواني را در بين انواع مطالعات دارند. نرمافزارهاي آموزشي تكنولوژي كمكي بسيار پركاربرد، جهت استفاده براي افراد داراي اختلالات يادگيري ويژه، اختلالات طيف اوتيسم، اختلالات فيزيكي و چندگانه، اختلالات بيشفعالي/ نقص توجه، ناتوانيهاي ذهني و رشدي، اختلالات گفتار، زبان و ارتباط و آسيبهاي بينايي و شنوايي هستند. نتايج اكثر پژوهشهاي صورتگرفته حكايت از اثربخشي مثبت تكنولوژي كمكي در انواع اختلالها درحوزهٔ نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه يا كودكان استثنايي دارند.
نتيجهگيري: بهنظر ميرسد غالب پژوهشهاي انجامشده در ارتباط با تكنولوژي كمكي و نقش آن در افراد داراي نيازهاي ويژه به فعاليتهاي شواهدمحور دست يافتهاند. استفاده و كاربرد تكنولوژي كمكي ميتواند به افراد با نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه در ارتقاي تكاليف شغلي و تحصيلي مستقل و مشاركت در بحثهاي كلاسي بههمراه تكميل تكليف دشوار، كمك كند. استفاده از تكنولوژي كمكي در آموزش افراد داراي نيازهاي آموزشي اجتنابناپذير است. پژوهشهاي شواهدمحور از اين حمايت ميكند كه تكنولوژيهاي كمكي درمقايسه با مواد آموزشي متداول، پتانسيل كمك در كيفيت زندگي بهتر افراد داراي ناتوانيها را دارند. درحوزهٔ نيازهاي آموزشي ويژه اين اهميت و اطمينان وجود دارد كه افراد با نيازهاي ويژه آمادگي لازم براي پاسخ به تقاضاهاي زندگي را داشته باشند. دراينراستا، بسياري از ابزارهاي تكنولوژي ازقبيل تكنولوژي كمكي ميتواند تا آنجاكه ممكن است امكان فائقآمدن به مشكلها را با دشواريهاي كمتر فراهم آورده و آن را ارتقا بخشد. در ايران طراحي برنامههاي تكنولوژي كمكي در حوزههاي ناتوانيهاي تحولي و ارزيابي اثربخشي آن روي اين گروه از افراد ضروري است.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Objective: In recent years, with the advances of technology, educating exceptional learners has been influenced by the use
of assistive technologies. Assistive technology is defined as an “any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially
off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of a children with special educational
needs”. These assistive technologies were used to teach Exceptional Learners who have significant differences with peers in mental
characteristics, sensory abilities, communication, emotional-behavior development and physical characteristics. The aim of the current research
was to study the role of assistive technology in improving the quality of learning in people with special educational needs.
Methods: A systematic review study method was employed using the following key search words includes: Assistive technology, Instructional
Technology, Learning Technology about exceptional learners, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Specific Learning Disabilities,
Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Emotional-Behavior Disorder, Communication, Language, and Speech
Disorders, Deaf or Hard of Hearing, Visual Impairments or Blindness, Children with Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments and Multiple
Disabilities from. Dada were collected from the following data bases: PubMed, Springer, ProQuest, Scopus, Elsevier, Science direct, Google
Scholar, between1993-2017.
Results: Among 83 selected research papers about applying assistive technology in special educational needs areas, 38 papers addressed specific
learning disabilities. No research was found about applying assistive technology in emotional-behavior disorders. In the same vein, the majority
of papers (57%) were experimental studies. A great number of studies focused on instructional software used to teach individuals with Intellectual
and Developmental Disabilities, Specific Learning Disabilities, Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders,
Communication, Language, and Speech Disorders, Hearing and Visual Impairments, Physical and Multiple Disabilities. The results of most
studies indicated that there is a positive effect of assistive technology on a most of disorders in special educational needs or exceptional children
areas.
Conclusion: It seems that most of researches found evidence supporting the positive effects of assistive technology and its effects on children
with special education needs. Application and using technology can help students with special educational needs to enhance and improve their
independence in academic and employment tasks, their participation in classroom discussions, along with helping them to accomplish some
difficult academic tasks. The use of assistive technology in educating people with special educational needs is inevitable, the evidence-based
researches support the conclusion that assistive technologies have the potential to contribute to a better quality of life for students with
developmental disabilities, which are more than just a matter of conveniences. In special educational needs area, it is very important to ensure
that people with disabilities are prepared to meet the challenges of life. Many technological tools such as assistive technology could increase, as
much as possible, the possibilities for people with disabilities to overcome these challenges with fewer difficulties. In Iran developing assistive
technology programs in developmental disabilities areas and studying its effect on these groups is needed.