گزاره‌هاي ملكي در زبان شهميرزادي : يك بررسي رده‌شناختي

Predicative Possession in Shahmirzadi Language:A typological Survey

مفهوم مالكيت يكي از مفاهيم جهاني و قابلِ بررسي در گونه‌ هاي زباني مختلف است. اين مفهوم، به دو صورت اسمي و گزاره­اي بيان مي ­شود. در مقالۀ پيش ­رو، ساخت گزارۀ ملكي در زبان شهميرزادي بر پايۀ رويكرد نقشي- رده­ شناختي بررسي شده‌است. به اين منظور، ابتدا پرسش ‌نام ه­اي تهيه شد تا از طريق مصاحبه با گويشوران اين زبان، داده­ هاي مورد نظر گردآوري شود. همچنين از چارچوب نظري استيسن (Stassen, 2009) بهره گرفته شد كه چهار ردۀ زباني براي ساخت مالكيت گزاره­اي ارائه كرده‌است. اين چهار رده، مشتمل بر ردة مالكيت مكاني، مالكيت بايي، مالكيت مبتدايي و مالكيت با فعل «داشتن» هستند. تمامي اين رده­ هاي چهارگانه در زبان شهميرزادي بررسي شدند. يافته ‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از تحليل­ داده‌ها نشان مي­دهد كه در گونة شهميرزادي سه رده از بين چهار ردۀ مورد نظرِ چارچوب نظري، براي رمزگذاري گزاره ­هاي ملكي به كار گرفته مي‌شوند. رده مبتدايي در اين گونة زباني كاربردي ندارد و گويشوران تمايل دارند از ردۀ مالكيت با فعل «داشتن» به جاي مالكيت مكاني و بايي استفاده كنند. بر اين مبنا، رده مالكيت با فعل «داشتن» فراواني كاربرد بالاتري نسبت به ساير رده ­ها دارد.

1. Introduction Possession is one of the universals in linguistics; it can be encoded in nominative and predicative forms. Stassen (2009) proposed four types of predicative possession: locative possession, ‘with’ possession, topic possession and 'have' possession. Present article studies predicative possession construction in Shahmirzadi language based on typological-functional approach; it tries to answer this question: “which types of predicative possession strategies are used in Shahmirzadi language? A questionnaire was prepared for this survey and data was gathered by interviewing native speakers of Shahmirzadi. The questionnaire contains 53 sentences which are positive and includes predicative possessions with “be” and “have”. Types of predicative possession in Shahmirzadi As mentioned previously, Stassen (2009) proposed four types of predicative possession: 1-Locative possession: At/ to PR (there) is/exist a PE 2-“with” possession: PR is/exist with a PE 3-Topic possession: (As for) PR, PE is/exist 4- “have” possession: PR has a PE Analysis of the collected data and examination of Stassen’s proposed classification pertaining to predicative possession, indicate that Shahmirzadi language chooses three types of predicative possession construction which are provided in theoretical framework of the article; there is no topic possession in Shahmirzadi language and according to the statistical analysis of the results, the speakers tend to use ‘have’ possession more than locative and ‘with’ possession, therefore the frequency of 'have' possession is more than other types. Some data in Shahmirzadi possession predicative are as follows: Table 1- Shahmirzadi data Types of predicative possession Shahmirzadi English Locative ʔæme xune dælæ yæk xürde ʔ ötaq dæræ We have a small room in our house. With yæk piremærd dæræ ba sæfəd-ə mi ö dæraz-e riš The old man has white hair and long beard. Topic - - have ʔin šæhr čæn-ta mædrəsə dan-æ This city has some schools. Conclusion and discussion Having studied different aspects of examples and data in corpus, we came up with the following results: 1-Locative possession is used in Shahmirzadi language but the speakers tend to convert locative possession to “have” possession. They convert 84% of locative possession data to “have” possession. The Possessee is the subject of the sentence and the possessor is oblique. The oblique case is shown by the postposition in this language. 2-Although the frequency of “with” possession in this language is very low, this type of predicative possession is present in Shahmirzadi anyway. The speakers tend to convert 70% 0f “with” possession data to “have” possession; in this type the possessor is the subject of the sentence and the possessee has oblique case. 3-There is no topic possession in Shahmirzadi language. 4- Statistical analysis of “have” possession in corpus shows that the frequency of this type of possession is high in Shahmirzadi and the speakers tend to convert other types to this type of predicative possession; in this type the possessor is the subject/agent and the possessee is object/patient of the sentence. Table 2- The semantic map of predicative in Shahmirzadi Language Have Topic With (commitive) Locative