زمينۀ فكري و انديشۀ ادبي ميخاييل باختين

Meta-analysis of Political Participation of Iranian Students

ميخاييل باختين را از پيشگامان نظريه ادبي مدرن مي‌دانند. او از معدود انديشمنداني است كه در زمينه ريشه‌هاي ژانري رمان دست به مطالعه و نظريه پردازي زده است؛ حاصل اين مطالعات نظريۀ گفتگو است كه امروزه نه تنها در ادبيات بلكه در اغلب حوزه‌هاي علوم انساني كاربرد يافته است. در اين نوشته سعي شده است با توجه به زمينۀ تاريخي و اجتماعي كه باختين در آن مي‌زيست، چشم‌اندازي به زمينۀ فكري او باز شود. درك باختين از گفتگوگرايي، ريشه‌هاي فلسفي انديشۀ او، مشاركت وي در نظريه ادبي مدرن و همچنين نگرش فرهنگي باختين به بوطيقاي ادبي از محورهاي اصلي اين نوشته هستند.در اين نوشته تلاش شده است ضمن بررسي تحولات فكري معاصر باختين از يك سو و مطالعۀ آثار خود او از سوي ديگر، عناصر اصلي شكل‌دهندۀ بوطيقاي او استخراج و نشان داده شود باختين چگونه با ارائۀ بازتعريفي پويا از مفاهيم ايستاي زبان‌شناسي توانست مفهوم گفتگو را همچون سنگ‌بناي مناسبات انساني توسعه دهد.

Political participation is a key component of social behavior. It is one of the pillars and key indicators of political development which is closely linked to the acceptance of political systems. The present study, which scrutinizes the political participation of students, has been carried out using Meta-analysis methods. We also addressed Rush and Milbrath's theories of hierarchy of political participation as well as Huntington and Verba's theories of political participation. Findings of the study indicate that student political participation is more than the overall political participation of the society, however, most students are active at low levels of hierarchy of political participation, as it were in elections or in the pursuit of political news, and only a small percentage of students have active political participation. Political participation of students is influenced by explanatory objective factors, as well as subjective motivational, socio-cultural and institutional factors. Consequently, men participate more than women in politics; the socio-economic status of the family and the student's place of residence does not affect student political participation; activists who hold political trust in political institutions have a higher degree of political participation; increasing political alienation reduces political participation; however, political education increases political awareness and action; the ethnicity of the students affects their political participation. In addition, students with religious affiliations have a higher degree of political action and participation. The families, the educational environment, the membership in the student organizations, and the university in which they study, have an important role in political socialization and participation of students. The impact of mass media (TV) on political participation is very weak; and the use of media for news and science purposes affects student political participation.