درآمدي بر ارزيابي مراجع كيفري و شبه كيفري در پذيرش دلايل باطل (در حقوق اسلام، ايران و غرب)

An introduction to evaluation of evidences by criminal and semi- criminal authorities (in legal systems of Islam, Iran and western countries)

مشروع و قانوني بودن دليل براي ارائه به دادرس كيفري كافي نيست، بلكه دليل بايد به طريق مشروع و قانوني نيز تحصيل شده باشد؛ زيرا حتي در مهم­ترين دليل بر اثبات يك واقعه­ مجرمانه، چنانچه ضوابط و شرايط قانوني ناديده گرفته شده باشد، فاقد اعتبار تلقي مي­شود. در حقوق اسلامي دليلي كه از طريق باطل تحصيل شده، فاقد مشروعيت بوده و از عداد دلايل معتبر خارج مي­ گردد و قابليت استناد ندارد. در حقوق ايران دليلي كه از طريق نامشروع تحصيل شده باشد بجز در برخي موارد مانند ادله قانوني حدود، با اقتباس از حقوق اسلامي بايد از عداد دلايل خارج شود ولي در اكثر موارد با تحصيل ­كننده دليل به شيوه قانوني برخورد شده اما تحصيل نامشروع موجب زوال دليل نمي­ شود. در كشورهاي غربي و كنوانسيون حقوق بشر اروپا، تحصيل دليل غيرقانوني موجب بطلان دليل مي­ گردد و چون تحصيل دليل مشروع از جمله حقوق بنيادين شناخته شده، تفاوتي بين مراجع كيفري و شبه كيفري نيست.

Legitimacy and legality is not enough for evidences to be presented to the criminal judge, but obtaining evidences by legitimate and lawful ways and means is needed as well, since, even the most important evidence for proving a criminal fact would be void if legal and licit way of its obtaining is ignored. In Islamic law the evidence which is acquired in an invalid way, would be illegitimate and would be exited of evidences set and would not be referred. In Iranian law, the evidence which is obtained by illicit way would be , with reference to Islamic law, put out of the evidence set, –except in some cases like legal evidences of Hdoud- But even the obtainers are punished in most cases, however, illegal acquiring of evidence would not led to its invalidity. According to western countries law and European Human Rights Convention, unlawful gaining of evidence would result to nullification of the evidence and since acquiring legitimate evidence is known as a fundamental human right, there would be no difference between criminal and semi-criminal authorities.