جايگاه و كارويژه‌هاي سكولاريسم در غرب و جهان اسلام

The Role and Functions of Secularism in the West and the Islamic World

با فرا رسيدن عصر رنسانس و نوزايي در قرن چهاردهم ميلادي در جوامع مغرب زمين فلسفه جزم گرايي مدرسي و اسكولاستيكي و نظام كليسايي حاكم در كل دوران قرون وسطي مورد چالش جدي قرار گرفت. در اين واكنش بخش اعظم آنچه تحت عنوان دين و مذهب و متافيزيك قرار داشت به ويزه در حوزه هاي سياسي و اجتماعي به كناري نهاده شد و مدرنيته با سرعتي شتابان روند تحولي را آغاز نمود. يكي از فرايندهاي چندگانه دوران بعد از قرون وسطي (دوران مدرن) كه از نتايج اجتناب ناپذير صورت بندي مدرنيته محسوب مي‌گردد، فرايند سكولاريزاسيون (جدا كردن دين از سياست) است. تفكرات فكري و فلسفي چند صد ساله در غرب باعث گرديد تا سكولاريسم در اين بخش از جهان داراي ريشه هاي مستحكمي‌شود و به ديگر نقاط جهان نيز سرايت نمايد. از سوي ديگر پديده سكولاريسم در مشرق زمين به‌طور عام و در بين متفكرين شرق و كشورهاي اسلامي به‌طور خاص كه مورد نظر ما در مقاله حاضر است، نيز مورد توجه و التفات ويژه اي قرار گرفت، كه غالبا با نوعي برخورد دوگانه روبرو شد: از يك سوي مورد انتقاد شديد قرار گرفت و از سوي ديگر برخي از روشنفكران اين كشورها را مجذوب خود كرد. پس از گذشت زمان زيادي مشاهد مي‌شود كه سكولاريسم گسترش چنداني در بين كشورهاي اسلامي ننموده است. علت عدم اشاعه سكولاريسم در ساختار و قدرت و حكومت و نظام هاي سياسي در كشورهاي اسلامي و خاورميانه دلايل مختلفي دارد، از جمله در مدرنيته غربي قدرت و منزلت بر اساس محوريت انسان شكل گرفت. ولي در دين اسلام قدرت متعلق به خداوند است و نمي تواند انسان- محور باشد. به همين دليل در جوامع مشرق زمين الزام ها و كاربست هاي سكولاريسم به‌عنوان يك جريان انديشگي و يك نظام سياسي- اجتماعي آنچنان كه در غرب تحقق و اشاعه يافت، چندان زمينه و بستر مناسبي براي بسط و اشاعه پيدا نكرد.

The philosophy of Scholastic dogmatism and the medieval ecclesiastical corruption in the West has caused impetuous reaction. Religion and metaphysics in all its forms had been left aside and the rapid pace of modernization started a process of transformation. Modernization commenced in Europe with scientific-empirical approach and has placed wisdom, knowledge, experience, and whatever that is provable as its base. The light path for the human being which was previously in the hand of religion was in fact taken out by modernity. One of the multiple processes of modernization which is inevitable is secularization. Intellectual and philosophical thought in the West through centuries have caused secularism not only to deepen its strong roots in this part of the world but to spread it to other parts of the world. The phenomenon of secularism in the East in general and among the Islamic thinkers in particular, has been under consideration and special attention. Secularism is faced often with a dual approach: On the one hand it was severely criticized by some of the Islamic intellectuals, and on the other hand has fascinated other intellectuals. Both sides of the spectrum were influenced by the process of modernization. One side believes that after dispelling superstition from Islam and its subsequent revival it can be expected that some of the principles of Islam is compatible with modernity, such as the equality of religions. This view also shares the belief that only those democratic reforms of modernity which violate the Islamic laws and traditions should not be applied. The other view is that the proper conditions for leaving backwardness and achieving progress are the secularization of all laws and management and a total separation between the state and religion. One can observe that secularism with the passage of time has not been accepted by the most of the Islamic states. Lack of Promoting secularism in the Islamic states in general and in the Middle East in particular is due to various reasons such as urbanization and i ndustrialization whic h took place in the West, and not in the Muslim states. In addition, unlike the Christian Clergy, the Islamic scholars have agreed to accept only those values of secularism which can serve Islam. In the Western modernity, power and prestige was based on the centrality of man, but in Islam the power belongs to God and man cannot be considered as the center.