شناسائي و مطالعه شاخص هاي جمعيتي علف هاي هرز (مطالعه موردي: باغ گياه شناسي دانشگاه تبريز)

Identification and Survey of Weed Community Indices (Case Study: Botanical Garden of University of Tabriz)

ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎيﻫﺮز ﻣﺰارع و ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﮔﺎم اﺻﻠﯽ در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﯽ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ، ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداريﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي (5 ﻣﺘﺮ × 5 ﻣﺘﺮ) ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻮادراتﻫﺎي 0/5 ﻣﺘﺮ × 0/5 ﻣﺘﺮ در 13 ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎغ ﮔﯿﺎهﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع، 52 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز از 25 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎغ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻨﺪﻣﯿﺎن (Poaceae) و ﮐﺎﺳﻨﯽﻫﺎ (Asteraceae) ﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ 113/1 و 54/19 ﻏﺎﻟﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﺮهﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺎغ ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺟﻮ ﻣﻮﺷﯽ (Hordeum murinum) و ﺟﺎروﻋﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﺎﻣﯽ (Bromus tectorum) ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ 73/38 و 35/11، ﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اوﻟﯿﻦ و دوﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز ﮔﺮاس ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎﺑﺎآدم (Arctium lappa) و ﺳﯿﺰاب اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ (Veronica persica) ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ 44/61 و 23/97، ﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اوﻟﯿﻦ و دوﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز دوﻟﭙﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن- وﯾﻨﺮ 2/41 و 0/61، در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت 13 و 7 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت 2 و 5 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮدن ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﺳﯿﻤﭙﺴﻮن (14/78) در ﻗﻄﻌﻪ 1 ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺣﻀﻮر ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي در اﯾﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ دارد. ﺳﺲ درﺧﺘﯽ (Cuscuta monogyna)، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ 3/55، از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر وﻟﯽ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺑﺎغ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻀﻮر اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز اﻧﮕﻠﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ از 13 ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، اﻋﻼم ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ از ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ آن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Ientification and survey of weed distribution in fields and gardens is a main step for the management of these unwanted plants. The objective of the present investigation was identification and assessment of community indices, similarity, and distribution of weed species in the botanical garden of the University of Tabriz. In order to achieve this purpose, data sampling from weed species was performed by grid method (5 m × 5 m) in 13 sections of the botanical garden. Totally, 52 weed species from 25 plant families were recorded in different sections of the garden. Poaceae and Asteraceae with family dominance indices of 131/1 and 54/19, respectively, were the dominant plant families. Wall barley (Hordeum murinum) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) with dominant indices of 73/38 and 35/11, were the first and the second dominant grass weeds. Burdock (Arctium lappa) and Persian speedwell (Veronica persica) with dominant indices of 44/61 and 23/97, were the first and the second dominant Dicot weeds. Maximum and minimum species diversity with Shannon-Wiener indices of 2.41 and 0.61 were observed in sections 13 and 7, respectively. Maximum and minimum richness were found in sections 2 and 5, respectively. The highest amount of Simpson dominance index in section 1 (14.78), indicates dominance of some weed species and reduction in uniformity of species distribution and species diversity in this section. Dodder (Cuscuta monogyna), as an important shoot parasitic weed, with relative dominance index of 3.55 out of 400, was one of the invasive weed species present in this garden. Presence of this parasitic weed in only one section of 13 surveyed sections, is an alarm for other sections.