پديد آورندگان :
زيني، مرضيه دانشگاه عالمه طباطبايي - گروه روانشناسي و آموزش كودكان استثنائي , بلوچي اناركي، محمد دانشگاه عالمه طباطبايي - گروه روانشناسي و آموزش كودكان استثنائي , رضايي، سميه دانشگاه يزد -گروه روانشناسي تربيتي , ملاجعفري، عاطفه دانشگاه يزد -گروه روانشناسي تربيتي
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: بشر در طول تاريخ علاقه و توجه زيادي به قصه داشته است، به همين دليل قصه يكي از ابزارهاي مهم اصلاح رفتار بهخصوص در كودكان محسوب ميشود. قصهگويي بهعنوان روشي غيرمستقيم براي بيان اضطرابها، دلواپسيها و آنچه كه در دنياي كودك ميگذرد، ميتواند در سلامت كودكان نقش مؤثري ايفا كند. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف اثربخشي راهبرد قصهدرماني بر كاهش خطاهاي املايي دانشآموزان با اختلال نوشتن در پايهٔ اول و دوم ابتدايي شهر يزد صورت گرفت.
روشبررسي: روش اين پژوهش، از نوع آزمايشي بوده و جامعهٔ آماري را تمامي دانشآموزان مبتلا به اختلال نوشتن در شهر يزد تشكيل ميدادند. تعداد 20 دانشآموز دختر داراي اختلال نوشتن، پس از اجراي آزمون تشخيصي (آزمون هوش ريون كودكان، آزمون اختلال نوشتن فلاح چاي و آزمون املاي تصويري) بهشيوهٔ نمونهگيري خوشهاي چندمرحلهاي و بهطور تصادفي انتخاب شدند؛ سپس با گمارش تصادفي، در دو گروه آزمايش و كنترل قرار گرفتند. آزمودنيهاي گروه آزمايش 12 جلسه (هر جلسه بهمدت 60 دقيقه و دو بار در هفته)، تحت آموزش راهبرد قصهدرماني بودند، اما گروه كنترل، هيچ مداخلهاي دريافت نكرد. دادههاي بهدستآمده، با استفاده از روش آماري تحليل واريانس با اندازهگيري مكرر، تجزيهوتحليل شد.
يافتهها: با استفاده از آناليز واريانس براي اندازههاي تكراري مشاهده شد كه راهبرد قصهدرماني باعث شده است كه تعداد خطاهاي املايي در گروه آزمايش از عدد 11٫22 (در پيشآزمون) به عدد 4٫11 (در پسآزمون) و سپس به عدد 3٫01 (در پيگيري) كاهشيابد (0٫001>p)؛ اما در گروه كنترل اين تفاوت معنادار نبود.
نتيجهگيري: براساس يافتهها ميتوان نتيجه گرفت كه راهبرد قصهدرماني سبب كاهش خطاي املاي دانشآموزان با اختلال نوشتن شده است. همچنين آموزش اين كودكان بهوسيلهٔ قصه، منجربه بهبودي در برنامهريزي در سطح تفكر اجرايي، كنترل پاسخهاي آني صادرشده از طرف مغز، زمانبندي، انگيزه و آغازگري در انجام تكاليف و درنتيجه سبب كاهش غلطهاي املايي آنها شد. برمبناي نتايج اين پژوهش، ميتوان به مربيان اختلالهاي يادگيري، مشاوران و روانشناسان پيشنهاد كرد كه با استفاده از اين راهبرد براي عملكرد نوشتن دانشآموزان داراي اختلال نوشتن اقدام كنند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background: Storytelling Therapy is a medium of communication between therapist and client. The communication is used as psychotherapy to influence the client to develop himself or herself in a way agreed upon between the therapist and client. Artfully practiced, Storytelling Therapy is difficult to be distinguished from ordinary conversation. More than a fireside chat, Storytelling Therapy draws upon the philosophy of diverse cultures and models of psychotherapy. This method synthesizes into an elegant psychotherapeutic procedure an interaction between client and therapist. This interaction evokes personal and psychological evolution within the client. The carefully crafted story activates the client's unconscious resources. Therapeutic gain is accomplished as the client identifies with the elements in the story and then embraces the desired outcomes. By virtue of this identification and the formation of healing internal visual and mental images, the client understands that things can work out for him or her. The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of the fiction therapy strategy on decreasing spelling errors of students with spelling disorders in the first and second grades of primary schools in Yazd.
Material and Methods: In this study the testing procedure was used and the research population was all the students with spelling disorders in Yazd. After performing the diagnostic test (the Riven intelligence test for children and the Fallahchay’s spelling disorder test and the picture dictation test) by multi–stage cluster sampling, 20 female students with spelling disorders were selected randomly. Then, they were divided randomly into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. The examinees in experimental group were trained through fiction therapy strategy for 12 sessions (60 minutes for every session / twice a week), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The achieved data was analyzed by using the covariance statistical method and the chi–square method.
Results: The data, by using analysis of variance with frequently measurement, were analyzed. The observed measurements analysis shows that there is difference between the two groups in the average pretest and posttest on the control and the follow-up, So that the number of spelling mistakes 11.22 (in the test) to number 4.11 (in the test) is reduced. (p<0.01, F=4.89)
For processing data collected in this study inferential statistics (Friedman test, nonparametric test, or ANOVA) was used. All calculations with the help of computer software SPSS version 19th edition, was conducted and the effect of therapy on students' stories was investigated: The results of applying analysis on the effectiveness of narrative therapy strategies, reduction of spelling errors in students with dysgraphia shows After adjusting for writing performance scores of students with analysis between experimental and control groups, there are significant differences.
The number of students in this research ten which cannot be considered a normal society. So, to compare the improvement or lack of improvement within one to twelve sessions Friedman non parametric tests, ANOVA is equivalent parametric test. Friedman non parametric test, equivalent measures analysis of variance within the group that it will use to compare the mean rank between K Group. In this test the null hypothesis based on the mean rank among the groups is the same.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that the fiction therapy strategy decreases the spelling errors of students with spelling disorders. According to the results of this study, it can be recommended to learning disorders coaches, consultants, and psychologists that try to improve the spelling of students with spelling disorders by applying these strategies.