بررسي توليد معنا در فضاي شهري برمبناي تئوري ساخت‌يابي (مطالعۀ موردي: بازار تبريز)

The study of meaning production in urban spaces based on the structuration theory case study: Tabriz Bazaar

خوانش معنا در فضاهاي شهري كه در گرو فهم فرايند توليد معنا در زمينة شكل‌گيري آن است، در درك بسياري از پديده‌هاي شهري راه گشاست. در اين پژوهش، به بررسي روند معنادارشدن و خوانش فضا و عوامل مؤثر بر آن از دريچه‌اي ويژه پرداخته مي­شود و تحليل نحوۀ توليد و بازتوليد معاني، با تأكيد بر زمينه‌هاي اجتماعي و فرهنگي فضاي شهري و به­ عبارتي «متن» مورد نظر، موضوع اصلي اين پژوهش است. براين­اساس، با رويكردي نوين به موضوع توليد معاني پرداخته شده است؛ رويكردي كه برپاية بن‌مايه‌هاي معني‌شناسي در حوزة زبان‌شناسي شكل گرفته و مشتمل بر ديدگاه‌هاي ساختارگرايي و خوانش مخاطب است. در اين رويكرد، با تأثيرپذيري از تئوري «ساخت‌يابي» آنتوني گيدنز در جامعه‌شناسي- كه شامل دو وجه عمدة «ساخت» و «عامليت انسان» در تحقق پديده‌هاي اجتماعي است- و تطبيق آن با ويژگي‌هاي فضاي شهري (به‌عنوان يك متن)، عوامل شكل‌دهنده به فضاهاي معنادار بررسي مي­شود. براساس اين رويكرد، فضاي نوشتاري (ساخت) و فضاي گفتاري (كنش خوانش)، عوامل اصلي در قرائت فضاي زيستي انسان هستند و زمينۀ توليد معنا را فراهم مي‌كنند. از اين منظر، ساختار فضا به­همراه روابط فرهنگي و اجتماعي متجلي در الگوهاي رفتاري بهره‌برداران، به توليد معنا در فضاهاي شهري منجر مي‌شود. به‌منظور آزمايش فرضيه، بازار تبريز به‌عنوان نمونه‌اي از فضاي شهري معنادار در شهر ايراني بررسي شد. نتايج مطالعۀ اين مجموعة فضايي، نشانگر انطباق كامل ساختار فضايي و الگوهاي رفتاري جاري در فضاست.

Urban spaces have always expressed the demands and desires of their users. So, reading of these spaces, as a text, which is possible by understanding the meaning making process in its context, could be beneficial to perceive lots of urban issues. Throughout the production of meaning in urban spaces, human gets into interaction with his surroundings and his mind is united with the environmental context of meaning. This process leads to make a legible space for its users with specific structural and behavioral characteristics. This study is aimed to discuss the meaning making process and space reading from a special point of view. The main subject of this study is the analysis and description of how to produce and reproduce meaning in urban spaces. The emphasis of this study is on social and cultural contexts of urban spaces as a readable “text”. Accordingly, the issue of meaning making process has been studied from a specific approach that is founded on “semantics” in linguistics, including two main perspective: “Structuralism” and “Interpretation of the reader”. Based on Structuralism perspective meaning is the product of “syntax of elements” in sentence and the “text”. So, meaning comes from the language structures and the author has a critical role in meaning making. On the other hand, in interpretive perspective, meaning is product of paraphrasing and interpretation of the reader. So, the reader “discovers” the meaning and “creates” it. The second approach has an interactive perspective. According to this approach meaning is the result of both, “structure” and “interpretation” or in other words, “language” and “the world”. Today, this approach has lots of advocators due to its inclusion and multidimensional substance. This approach is widely used in explaining issues in many fields of human sciences. “Structuration theory” of Anthony Giddens in sociology is one of this theories that has been fed from the interaction concept in semantics. This theory consists of two main themes: “structure” and “human agency” in social phenomena. The term “structure” generally refers to "rules and resources" and more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems". These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space and that lends them "systemic" form. Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action and is critical to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of both structure and agents , without giving primacy to either. Comparison and accommodation of this viewpoint with context of city and urban spaces, as a text, leads to form a framework for analysis of meaning making factors in urban spaces. Description of procedures and determining the factors of meaning production throughout this point of view could help to define a proper framework for improving the knowledge and practice of designers to create the meaningful spaces.