مفهوم حكومت قانون از ديدگاه ميرزا ملكم‌خان ناظم‌الدوله

The Concept of the Rule of Law in the Viewpoints of Mirza-Malkam Khan Nazim al-Dawlah

مقاله حاضر به بحث درباره مفهوم حكومت قانون از نظر ميرزاملكم خان ناظم‌الدوله مي‌پردازد. با اينكه درباره زندگي، روزنامه و آثار او كتاب‌ها و مقالات زيادي نوشته شده، ليكن تاكنون به اين پرسش اصلي پاسخ داده نشده است كه آيا ملكم‌خان به ماهيت، مباني حقوقي و الزامات سياسي حكومت قانون نظير حقوق اساسي و تفكيك قوا آگاهي داشت يا خير؟ تاكنون گفته شده او و برخي ديگر از روشنفكران عصر قاجار تحت تأثير انديشه‌هاي دوره روشنگري فرانسه قرار داشته‌اند. فرضيه مقاله حاضر اين است كه چنين چيزي وجود خارجي نداشته است، براي تبيين موضوع يكي از مهم‌ترين منابع آن عصر يعني روح القوانين معيار قرار داده شده، تا معلوم شود برخلاف اصحاب دوره روشنگري كه مباني فلسفي، حقوقي و سياسي مشخصي براي نظريات خويش داشته‌اند، روشنفكراني مثل ميرزاملكم خان بنياد فكري استواري در زمينه ارائه نظريه حكومت قانون ارائه نداده‌اند. روش تحقيق اين مقاله مبتني بر تحليل گفتار(Analyze of Discourse) و بررسي تطبيقي انديشه‌هاي منتسكيو و ملكم‌خان است تا نشان داده شود انديشه حكومت قانون در نزد اين دو تفاوت ماهوي با يكديگر داشته‌اند و ملكم‌خان به الزامات فلسفي و مباني سياسي نظريه حكومت قانون آگاهي نداشته است.

This article discusses the concept of the rule of law in the Mirzamalkam Khan Nazem al-Dawlah viewpoints. Although many books and articles have been written about his life, his newspaper and publications, but this main question has not been answered that whether Malakm Khan knew anything about the foundation, legal basis, and political requirements of the rule of law or not? The requirements such as the basic rights and separation of the forces. It has been said that he and some other intellectuals of the Qajar era have been influenced by the thoughts of the Enlightenment period of France. The hypothesis of the present article is that such a thing has not been existed, in order to explain the subject, one of the most important sources of that age, The Spirit of the Laws, has been considered to show in the contrary of the Enlightenment philosophers, which have had certain legal and political foundations for their views, Intellectuals such as Mirzamalkam Khan did not provide a solid foundation for providing the theory of the rule of the law. The methodology of this paper is based on Analysis of Discourse and a comparative study of the ideas of Montesquieu and Malakm Khan in order to show that the idea of the rule of law has major differences with each other, and Malkam Khan has not been aware of the philosophical requirements and the political foundations of the rule of law theory.