كليدواژه :
بلاغت , متكلم و كلام , بافت موقعيتي , مخاطب و اقتضاي حال , ويژگي هاي متكلم بليغ , ديدگاه هاي بلاغيون از آغاز تا امروز
چكيده فارسي :
بلاغيون و منتقدان ادبي پيش از عبدالقاهرجرجاني درباره اصطلاح «بلاغت» كلياتي را بيان كرده اند، اما در هيچ يك از آثارشان به طور روشن و دقيق درباره حد و مرز بلاغت كلام يا متكلم بليغ سخن نگفته اند. تنها در كتاب هاي بلاغي پس از جرجاني كوشش شده است معيارهايي براي كلام بليغ مشخص شود. در اين تاليفات كه بيشتر رويكردي سلبي به شرايط فصيح و بليغ بودن كلمه و كلام دارند، كلمه و كلامي فصيح دانسته شده است كه از عيوب خاصي مبرا باشد؛ اما درباره متكلم بليغ بجز يك سخن مبهم و كلي مطلبي نيامده است. در اين پژوهش سعي شده است براساس ديدگاه هاي صاحب نظران بلاغت، از آغاز تا امروز، آنچه به طور پراكنده و غيرمنسجم درباره متكلم بليغ آمده است بررسي و نقد شود و سرانجام ديدگاه منسجمي به دست آيد و ضمن بيان شرايطي براي بليغ بودن متكلم، تعريفي براي آن ارائه شود. برمبناي ديدگاه هاي نقل شده در اين پژوهش و با تامل در تعاريف بلاغت، متكلمي بليغ است كه ضمن توانابودن بر ساخت كلامي فصيح، ويژگي هاي كلام، ويژگي هاي اقسام مخاطب و شرايط بافت موقعيتي را بداند و بشناسد و كلام خويش را مطابق با اقتضاي حال آنها تنظيم كند.
چكيده لاتين :
Before Abdolghaher Jorjani, “rhetoric” term has been expressed in rhetorical books and literary criticism but the limits of eloquence or eloquent speaker have not been explained. In the works after Jorjani, they have considered a word or words eloquent that they have no particular imperfections; but they have not explained about the eloquent speaker except a vague and general statement. In this research, the presented subjects from the point of view of the rhetorical scholars, from the beginning until now, that were incommensurably given about the eloquent speaker was studied, criticized and compared; finally in addition to state the conditions for speaker to be eloquent, a definition has been presented for it. By considering the views of early thinkers and the scholars before Jorjani, it shows that based on the given definitions for rhetoric, the speaker should have the following characteristics to be considered eloquent: - To be brave and to have peace of mind
- To speak according to the condition requirement of the speaker
- To consider the condition requirement of the audience
- To select the right words
- To avoid abstruseness and indulge in speech
Based on what is said about the criteria of rhetoric and eloquence in rhetorical books after Jarjani by Meftah al-olum Sakaki and his commentators and followers to contemporaries is an eloquent word or speech that is free from certain imperfections and the eloquent speaker must be able to create a speech by using such words that are free from imperfections. Considering the abovementioned criteria in the views of the first rhetorical thinkers and jorjani and according to the messengers’ criteria after Jorjani for rhetoric and eloquence it seems that the speaker who both has a personality-specific character and has a complete knowledge about speech, audience, and context and uses the following features in his own words is eloquent:- The bravery of the speaker and having peace of mind
- Understanding the word or speech style
- Recognizing the audience (recognition of the circumstances and characteristics of the types of audience)
- Recognition of the situational context or current context (recognition of the characteristics of time, place, environment _ social, political, cultural)
Therefore, based on the views of the scholars about the concept of rhetoric and considering the definitions of rhetoric, the speaker who knows the conditions of creating word is eloquent and he must create an eloquent speech that is correspondence to all requirements affecting the process of making speech; that is he must be aware of the features of speech, the characteristics of the types of audience and the conditions of the situational context and set his own word in accordance with their current requirements.
