روايت شناسي حكايت هاي كليله و دمنه در سطح داستان با تكيه بر حكايت پادشاه و برهمنان

Narratology of Kalile and Demne Anecdotes at the level of Story Relying on King and Barhamnan's Anecdote

در پژوهش حاضر داستان هاي كليله و دمنه با تكيه بر حكايت «پادشاه و برهمنان» از ديدگاه روايت شناسان ساختارگرا بررسي شده است. در پيكره اصلي، ابتدا سطوح سه گانه يك متن روايي- داستان، گفتمان، و روايتگري - معرفي شده است ؛ آنگاه حكايت «پادشاه و برهمنان» در سطح «داستان» و مولفه هاي سه وجهي آن – پي رنگ، شخصيت و تعليق - بررسي شده است. از مهم ترين يافته هاي اين پژوهش برخورداري حكايت فوق از يك پيوند خطي و يكنواخت نقش ها بر روي زنجيره اي همگن و سلسله وار است كه سازگاري معناداري با نظريه «سلسله» يا «پاره» رولان بارت در نقش ها دارد. همچنين در حوزه شخصيت، درست مانند الگوي «كنشگرا»ي گريماس از يك ساختار شش وجهي پيروي مي كند (فرستنده، هدف، گيرنده/ ياريگر، فاعل، بازدارنده). درمجموع بايد گفت ؛ حكايت هاي كليله و دمنه اغلب با آراي روايت شناسان ساختارگرا تطابق دارد، درنتيجه مي توان براي تقريبا همه حكايت هاي كليله و دمنه يك ساختار روايي مشابه ترسيم كرد.

In the present paper, Kalile and Demne anecdotes relying on King and Barhamnan’s anecdote have been investigated from structural narratologist’s point of view. In the main body of the paper, at first the threefold levels of a narrative text; that is, story, discourse, and narratology have been introduced, then the anecdote of “King and Barhamnan” at the level of “story” and its three – dimensional components; that is, plot, character, and suspense have been studied. Plot, is one of the elements of the story, and is an indicative of the motivation and the purpose of the story events. Plot is mentioned as a map, plan, network of discursive events and pattern of story events which is consisting of base sequences and sub-sequences. These sequences can be combined in three ways in the narrative:Embedded bonding: it is a story within another story such as the stories of Marzban Name. Chain bonding: in this type of bonding, the sequences like the rings of chain come together one after another such as the story of The Seven Labors of Rostam or Haft-Khan-e-Rostam Alternating bonding or intercross of sequences: in this type the narrator advances two or more story in parallel. In the story of King and Brahman, the combination of sequences is homogeneous and hierarchical that has a significant compatibility with the theory of "Dynasty" or "part" of Roland Barthes in roles. The author leads the story that has begun with an "unstable situation" in the first series into a "constant situation" at the final series (sixth) rely on positive and dynamic character and the protagonist of the story. In the field of character the pattern of Greimas "activist" follows a hexagonal structure (the transmitter, goal, receiver / contributor, agent, retardant). Heblar (the king) is transmitter. At first it seems that the Brahmans are the subject of this story, but with the progress of story and the reveal of Brahman's nature their character change its place from subject into competition and anti-hero position; in return the doings and actions of Irandokht, the wife of the king, turns her into the subject and agent of the story. The purpose is dream interpretation and disposal of possible risk caused by terrible sleep; receptors are all those who Brahmans decide to kill such as Heblar's wife and children and his secretary and minister and the white elephant and camel ... as well as the realm of the king and kingdom; the contributor of the Belar, the minister, and Idon, the wise man; and Brahman are considered as rivals and as a retardant. Within the scope of suspension the author has succeeded to create influential roles of different forms of suspension in creation of mixture of doubt and expect, particularly, methods such as "the ignorant of readers to the future of the characters and setting of the main character at a crossroads". In general, it is said that Kalile and Demne anecdotes conform to the structural narratologist’s opinions. In conclusion, we can almost delineate a similar narrative structure for Kalile and Demne anecdotes.