پديد آورندگان :
عرفاني، مژده دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، واحد قزوين - گروه شهرسازي ، قزوين، ايران , بحريني، حسين دانشگاه تهران - پرديس هنرهاي زيبا - گروه شهرسازي، تهران، ايران , طبيبيان، منوچهر دانشگاه تهران - پرديس هنرهاي زيبا - گروه شهرسازي، تهران، ايران
كليدواژه :
پايداري , منظر , شهرسازي منظر , شهر معاصر
چكيده فارسي :
در دهه‌هاي اخير نگرش‌هاي متعددي در رابطه با شكل‌گيري «منظر پايدار» در شهرها مطرح و پژوهش‌هاي گوناگوني در اين زمينه انجام شده است. اما آنچه تاكنون قابل تشخيص است، عدم توجه به منظر و رويكرد كلنگر آن در حوزه شهرسازي به‌عنوان «ركن اساسي طراحي شهري» است. بر اين مبنا تفكر «شهرسازي منظر» با درك منظر به‌مثابه يك پايگاه نظري جديد و«كلينگري» به شهر و پذيرش «عدم قطعيت» شهر معاصر، عرصه موضوعي جديدي را در رابطه با طراحي منظر در ادبيات جهاني مطرح نموده است. از اين رو پژوهش حاضر درصدد تبيين فرايند طراحي منظر شهري پايدار در شرايط متغير كنوني (در دو بعد رويه و محتوا) با استفاده از رويكرد مبتني بر نظريه «شهرسازي منظر» است. در اين راستا پرسش اصلي پژوهش اين‌گونه مطرح مي‌شود كه «منظر پايدار» در چارچوب نظري تفكر «شهرسازي منظر»، براساس ماهيت پيچيده شهر معاصر، چگونه تبيين شده و تحقق مي‌يابد. متأثر از ماهيت پرسش پژوهش و براي رسيدن به هدف مورد نظر، از روش تحليل محتوا و تفسير يافته‌ها استفاده شده است. نتايج حاصل از پژوهش بيانگر آن است كه مفهوم پايداري در تفكر «شهرسازي منظر» هم به معناي «ثبات» ساختار اصلي شهر و هم به مفهوم «تغيير» فعاليت و برنامه‌ها مطابق با تغيير شرايط و تقاضاها در طول زمان است. بنابراين مي‌توان از چارچوب نظري تفكر «شهرسازي منظر» با ويژگي «عدم قطعيت» و «تغيير» در طراحي «عرصه‌هاي باز» درون و پيرامون شهر و همچنين «محله‌هاي شهري» كه از قابليت «انطباق» و «انعطاف‌پذيري» بيشتري برخوردارند، استفاده نمود. در اين زمينه تأكيد بر برنامه‌ريزي از پايين به بالا، ابعاد مشاركتي، طراحي فرايند محور و برگشت‌پذير (با قابليت اصلاح و بازبيني)، تفكري فرارشته‌اي در مواجهه با منظر، همراه با نگرشي از مقياس كلان به خرد در حوزه منظر شهري و توجه به ارزش‌هاي موجود در آن بايد مدنظر قرار بگيرد.
چكيده لاتين :
Lack of attention to the “dynamic” concept of the landscape, the “holistic” approach to it, and the use of conventional methods in the study of urban development projects has shaped an urban landscape that is unable to meet the demands of its inhabitants over time. Therefore, considering the ineffectiveness and divergence of the study method in the urban development plans of Iran and given the variability of today’s city, it is necessary to adopt an appropriate approach to today’s urban conditions. Landscape Urbanism theory, with a general approach to the concept of landscape and accepting the uncertainty of the evolving city, has raised a new field in the global literature. This theory, with an approach to confronting the complexities of the contemporary city, sees the “landscape” as an active phenomenon over time and emphasizes functional dimensions beyond its purely aesthetic aspects.
At present, there are criticisms about putting the theoretical aspects of this approach to practice. Since the highest application of this theory is in the field of landscape architecture, most of its criticisms relate to the field of urbanism knowledge, the application of its theoretical framework to the city scale and the lack of executive instances. In this regard, the correct understanding and analysis of the theoretical issues of urban planning and its adaptation to the concept of sustainability, as a basis for thinking, can reveal its hidden dimensions. It is clear that further research on the application of this theory, along with the formulation of design principles, is an important factor in reducing the gap between theory and practice, solving structural problems and identifying the potential of this new approach to urban planning.
The purpose of this research is to describe the theoretical framework of “landscape urbanism” theory as a new approach in urban design that aims at achieving a sustainable landscape. This study tries to emphasize the “procedure” and “substantive” dimensions in the design of sustainable urban landscape while developing the theoretical framework of this approach based on sustainability concepts. In this regard, the present paper seeks to confirm the following statements:
- Understanding the dynamic concept of landscape and its “holistic approach” in today’s urban conditions leads to the formation of a landscape that can be “sustained” on a time scale.
- The “stability” of the city’s main structure, along with the “flexibility” of open urban areas and urban neighborhoods against the changing conditions and needs of the community, can provide the ground for the formation of a sustainable landscape in the present situation.
- The approach of “landscape urbanism”, as an efficient approach in the studies of urban development projects in Iran, in addition to “substantive dimensions”, needs a “infrastructure” for realizing its theoretical framework in the field of action.
Based on the results of the research, the concept of sustainability in the theory of landscape urbanism includes the “stability” of the main structure of the city and the “change” of activities and programs proportionate to the changing conditions over time. Thus, the theoretical framework of landscape urbanization, with the features of “uncertainty” and “change”, can be used to design “open spaces” within and around the city as well as “urban neighborhoods” that are more “adaptable” and “flexible”. In this regard, the emphasis is on participatory planning from the bottom up, the design of the process-oriented with an integrated approach from regional to local scale in the urban landscape, and on the local identity.
