كليدواژه :
مشاركت كودكان , محله سرشور , برنامه ريزي مشاركتي , طرح توسعه محله اي
چكيده فارسي :
امروزه موضوع مشاركت و كاربرد آن در شهرسازي، مورد توجه طراحان و برنامه ريزان شهري قرار گرفته و از ويژگي هاي توسعه يافتگي يك كشور محسوب مي شود؛ همچنين نقش بسزايي در موفقيت طرح هاي توسعه محله اي دارد. در بسياري از موارد نقش كودكان به عنوان يك سوم جمعيت شهروندي جهان مورد توجه قرار نمي گيرد. بنابراين، لزوم توجه به مشاركت كودكان در طرح هاي توسعه محله اي ضروري است. بي شك مشاركت كودكان ابتدا نيازمند درك كاملي از مفاهيم مربوط به كودك، مزايا و چالش هاي مشاركت با كودكان و در نهايت پاسخ به اين سئوال است كه«مؤلفه هاي مؤثر بر مشاركت كودكان در فرايند تهيه و اجراي طرح هاي توسعه محله اي چه چيز است؟». به منظور پاسخ به اين سئوال به عنوان نمونه مطالعه، در محله سرشور مشهد كه به دليل قرارگيري در بافت مركزي و قديمي مشهد و روند رو به افزايش ترك ساكنان محله، مشاركت در آن از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است، سعي شده با استفاده از روش هاي مشاركتي براي كودكان7-14سال(مقطع ابتدايي) مانند نقاشي، پرسشنامه، انشا و كارگاه هاي آموزشي، به شناختي از وضع موجود محله با تأكيد بر كودكان دست يافت. در نهايت، بعد از بررسي مباني نظري، با استفاده از روش دلفي و با تكيه بر نظر كارشناسي، پيش نيازهاي مشاركت كودكان به تفكيك مرحله تهيه و اجراي طرح توسعه محله تعيين شد. براساس نتايج حاصل از اين ارزيابي مشخص شد كه چهار مؤلفه بسترسازي، فرهنگ سازي، نهادسازي و دوام مشاركت در ارتقاي مشاركت كودكان مؤثر هستند؛ كه در محله سرشور، شاخص آگاه سازي در رابطه با مؤلفه بسترسازي، بيشترين تأثير را بر فرايند تهيه طرح و دو شاخص حمايت نهادها( مؤلفه نهادسازي) و كنترل و دوام مشاركت بيشترين تأثير را بر فرايند اجراي طرح دارند. يافته هاي حاصل از اين تحقيق نه تنها به برنامه ريزان و طراحان براي درك بهتر چگونگي مشاركت كودكان در برنامه ريزي و طراحي محيط و توسعه بهتر جوامع دموكراتيك و دوستدار كودك كمك خواهد كرد بلكه بستري مناسب براي استفاده از مؤلفه هاي مؤثر بر مشاركت كودكان در فرايند طرح هاي توسعه محله اي را فراهم مي سازد.
چكيده لاتين :
Uncontrolled urban development in the present age has caused many problems that cannot be solved by traditional management and requires the participation of all citizens in the administration of urban affairs. Today, citizen participation and its application in urban planning, as one of the characteristics of the development of a country, is considered by designers and urban planners. Citizen participation is effective in the success of local development plans, so it has become one of the main issues of urban planning today. The role of children, who make one third of urban population (citizens), is neglected in many cases. In recent years, there has been much research on children’s participation, but it can be said that, in practical terms, this concept faces many obstacles. Many of the issues we are facing today, such as leaving the neighborhood, lack of security, etc., are due to neglecting all citizens, especially children, in the city and, at a smaller scale, in the neighborhood.
Accordingly, it is essential that children participate in local development planning. Undoubtedly, children’s participation needs a thorough perception of the concepts related to child. It requires a full understanding of the concepts of the child and the benefits and challenges of children’s participation. Finally, it is necessary to answer the question of what the methods of children’s participation in the process of preparing and implementing local development planning are. The theoretical foundation and global experiences related to children’s participation is presented to answer this question. Then, the case study of Sarshoor neighborhood is introduced and the results are presented. Finally, the conclusions are made based on the analysis of theoretical concepts, answering the main questions by Delphi method, and experts’ opinions. The results indicate that contextualization is the most influential factor in the planning process, as compared to other factors including culture-building, institutionalization and durability of participation. The two factors of institutionalization and participation control are the most influential factors in the implementation of plans. When these factors are realized, children tend to become more involved in the development process of the neighborhood because (1) their abilities focus on themselves in this process, (2) they are provided with an opportunity in this process, (3) participation methods become available to them, and (4) they become aware of their rights. At the end, the cycle of the process of neighborhood development projects is proposed based on the components of children’s participation in the Sarshoor neighborhood. The findings of this study will not only help planners and designers to better understand the way children are involved in planning and designing processes, but also provide an appropriate framework for using effective factors on the participation of children in local development projects. It is suggested that the factors proposed in this paper be applied according to the specific conditions and characteristics of each neighborhood.
