كليدواژه :
مسكن بومي گيلان , چيدمان محوطه , معماري روستايي , ضوابط معماري
چكيده فارسي :
كالبد بومي روستاهاي گيلان با درهم‌تنيدگي معبر، خانه و زمين‌هاي كشت و ورز، بافت باز پراكنده را نمايان مي‌سازد كه واحد مسكوني در ميانه محوطه‌اي نسبتاً وسيع به‌همراه بناهاي جانبي و فضاهاي خدماتي خانه در چينشي به‌ظاهر مغشوش قرار دارد. حصارهاي كوتاه محوطه با پوشش گياهي و درختان ادغام شده، در انفصال و اتصالي مبهم، به‌نظر مرزي غير متقن را جلوه مي‌دهند اما آيا در پس اين ظاهر آشفته، انتظام و ضوابطي نانوشته را مي‌توان يافت؟ و اصولاً چه عواملي بر چينش عناصر محوطه مسكوني در روستاهاي گيلان مؤثر است؟ اين تحقيق به‌دنبال اين پرسش‌ها با تكيه بر مطالعات ميداني و به روش توصيفي ژرفانگر، با نگاهي به ويژگي‌هاي طبيعي منطقه جنوب درياي كاسپين، به تحليل محيط‌هاي انسان-ساخت آن پرداخته است. در اين مقاله به اقليم(به‌معناي سرزمين و بوم) توجه شده و فعاليت‌هاي اقتصادي و معيشتي، فرهنگ و تعاملات اجتماعي ساكنان در مسكن و عناصر محوطه مسكوني روستايي مورد مداقه و بررسي قرار گرفته است.
نتايج تحقيق بيانگر آن است كه در روستاهاي جلگه‌اي تا كوهستاني گيلان با آنكه خصوصيات طبيعي منطقه شامل جغرافيا و ويژگي‌هاي آب‌وهوايي، به‌ظاهر بيشترين تأثير را بر شكل بافت و نحوه چيدمان عناصر محوطه مسكوني روستايي بر جاي گذاشته، اما اين عامل خود موجب بروز خصايصي چون كنش‌هاي اقتصادي و شيوه‌هاي معيشت زيستي و نيز چگونگي تعاملات اجتماعي و برساخت‌هاي فرهنگي است كه از سوي ديگر بر چگونگي تشكّل اجزاي واحد مسكوني و ضوابط حاكم بر آن اثرگذار بوده است. در بررسي‌هاي ميداني، اين نتيجه حاصل شد كه با آنكه خصايص اقليمي، بافت باز كالبد روستايي مبتني بر تجميع اجزاي محوطه مسكوني را بازنمايي نموده و
خانه - مزرعه و خانه -باغچه را متجلي مي‌سازد ولي تأثير ويژگي‌هاي فرهنگي بر چينش عناصر محوطه بيشترين تأثير را بر جاي گذاشته است و گزينش‌هاي نهايي براي الگوي سكونت در اين منطقه و ضوابط حاكم بر محدوده مسكون منتجِّ از آن، بر مبناي فرهنگ مسلط جامعه روستايي گيلان است.
چكيده لاتين :
The vernacular body of the villages of Guilan, with its entanglement of paths, houses and agricultural fields, reveals the dispersed texture. The residential unit, side buildings and service spaces of the house are arranged erratically in the midst of relatively large areas.
The enclosed fences are integrated with vegetation and trees and appear to be unconfirmed in a vague of being connected or disconnected.
But is it possible to find unwritten rules behind this erratic appearance? and what are the factors that determine the elements of the residential area in the villages of Guilan?
This research is descriptive, with a look at the natural features of the southern Caspian Sea region, to analyze its human environments based on field studies. This research has been carried out in the structuralism paradigm.
In this paper clime refers to economic and livelihood activities, the culture and social interactions of residents in house and elements of the rural residential area.
The findings of this research indicate that the natural characteristics of the region including geographic and climatic features in all types of villages of Guilan seem to have the greatest impact on the texture and the arrangement of the elements of the rural residential area.
This factor causes the characteristics of economic activities and livelihoods, social interactions and cultural features, as well as the formation of criteria of rural residential units.
Furthermore, due to geographical features, regional potentialities and economic activities, it is possible to use materials for construction, which is an important factor in choosing the patterns of structures and technology used in vernacular architecture and is one of the variables influencing the formation of the house and its site.
As said before, the clime-based characteristics represent the dispersed context of the rural physical structure based on the aggregation of residential components, and the house-farm and the house-garden. But the effect of cultural attributes on the arrangement of the elements of the residential site has the greatest impact.
So Final choices for the pattern of settlement in this area and the criteria of the rural residential area resulting therefrom, based on the dominant culture of the villages of Guilan, and most of the clime-based choices correspond with the culture of the people.
People living in the villages of Guilan province, based on their cultural backgrounds, have chosen different ways for daily activities, whether from an economic or social perspective.
The Socio-economic way of life is one of the most important factors in the difference of style of housing. Following this, it has shaped the housing and residential site pattern make it distinct from the other parts of Iran.
In Guilan, the residential area is not only apparently in direct contact with the passageways, but also in the mental structure of the people, the relationship between the house and the passageway is comprehended differently.
People's perception of life is not limited to the private spaces of house. In this regard, the transparent fences of the area are considered.
Therefore, considering the summary of the criteria of the arrangement of residential site components in Guilan, it is observed that most of the criteria are influenced by socio-cultural activities and features. Human acts on the beliefs embodied in him in the social context, and on the other hand, these beliefs are so rooted in him that sometimes it is impossible to violate it.
