هندسه در معماري ايـراني پيش از اسلام و تجلي آن در معماري معاصر ايران

Geometry in Pre-Islamic Iranian Architecture and its Manifestation in Contemporary Iranian Architecture

هندسه يكي از بنيانهاي هنر و معماري سنتي ايران است كه در سراسر آثار فاخر به جاي مانده از گذشته، ميتوان نمودهايي از آن را مشاهده كرد. اين مهم در معماري اهميت بيشتري مييابد زيرا مبناي كار معماري «ساختن» است و براي ساختن لازم است از يك هندسه و نظم دقيق استفاده شود. نه تنها آثار معماري سنتي ايراني از دوره باستان تا دوران اسلامي از هندسه بهره بردهاند، معماري معاصر ايران نيز خود را پاي‌بند به اين اصول معرفي ميكند. اين مقاله برآن است تا ضمن شناخت دقيق از اصول هندسي موجود در معماري سنتي و ريشههاي فكري و مباني نظري آن، تجلي آن را در آثار معماري معاصر مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار دهد. پرسش اصلي اين پژوهش به شناخت اصول هندسي معماري سنتي و كيفيت كاربرد آن در معماري معاصر مربوط ميشود. به عبارت ديگر، سوال اصلي آن است كه اصول هندسي به‌كار رفته در معماري سنتي كدامند؟ و تجلي اين اصول در معماري معاصر ايران چگونه است؟ دستاوردهاي پژوهش نشاندهنده آن هستند كه استفاده از نظم هندسي در پلان همراه با بهرهگيري از هندسه پنهان، و ايجاد درك هندسي با استفاده از احساس ايستايي، بيش از ساير مفاهيم هندسي معماري سنتي، در معماري معاصر مورد توجه قرار گرفتهاند. علاوه برآن كه بهرهگيري از كهن الگوها و نقش‌مايههاي معماري سنتي همواره مورد نظر معماران معاصر بوده است.

Geometry is considered one of the fundamental structures of Iranian traditional art and architecture, and some of its displays can be seen in most of fine ancient works. Studying geometry, as one of the main fields of Iranian art and architecture, is of more importance when it comes to the word of architecture, as it seems impossible to define it without relying on geometry. Architecture has been founded on "construction" as it is necessary to utilize accurate geometry and order; and in architecture, Order and planning are manifested as geometry. In other words, the basic factor that makes different parts of architecture united is nothing but geometry, and through this uniting and coordination between parts of architecture culture the survival and endurance of that culture becomes possible. In general, order and geometric plan assists the designer to predict the course of the plan and design. Not only the Iranian traditional architecture works from the ancient times to the Islamic era have been relied upon the geometric principles, but also the contemporary architecture is based on such principles. This study is concentrated on the exact recognition of geometric principles, intellectual roots and theoretical basics of Iranian traditional architecture in addition to the analysis of the advent of such items in the contemporary architecture. The main aim of this research is to recognize the geometric principles of the traditional architecture and its application in the contemporary architecture. In other words, we aim to answer to the question, what are the geometric principles of the traditional architecture and how is the manifestation of such principles in the contemporary architecture? The results show that the use of geometric order in the plan, along with the application of hidden geometry and creation of geometric understanding through the static sense have been more applied in the contemporary architecture compared to other characteristics of Iranian traditional architecture and the traditional architecture archetypes and motives have always attracted contemporary architects.