ابعاد و مؤلفه هاي نگرش استمرار و گسست تاريخي در پهنه هاي زيست اجتماعي ايران

The Factors and Basis of Continuity and Interruption in Iran's Bio-social Zones

بافت تاريخي در مقايسه با بافت­ هاي شهري كه از اوايل قرن حاضر شكل مي­ گيرند مساحت كمتري را اشغال كرده و براساس ارتباطات پياده شكل گرفته بود. بافت تاريخي از رشد تدريجي برخوردار بوده و به‌طور نسبي احداث زيرساخت­ ها و خدمات، با نيازهاي ساكنين آن هماهنگ بوده و بر همين اساس بين كاربري­ هاي مسكوني و ديگر كاربري­ ها تعادل برقرار شده، نيازهاي جديد بر سازمان فضايي بافت تحميل نمي­ شده و تفكر خانه و تعمير به جاي تفكر مسكن و تعويض مطرح بوده است اما از حدود 1340 به بعد به دلايل بسيار مانند ورود بيش از پيش فرهنگ بيگانه، استفاده سكونتيِ صرف از محل اقامت و وابستگي بيش از حد به امكانات شهر جديد، بافت تاريخي در زمره نامتعادل ترين بافت­ هاي شهري قرار گرفت. اين روند همچنان ادامه دارد و بيشتر بافت­هاي تاريخي ايران و ساكنان آن‌ها هر روز با مشكلات جديد و عوامل ناپايدار مواجه هستند. از ديد صاحب­ نظران روند قبلي يك روند مستمر و تحولات دهه­ هاي اخير به مثابه انقطاع تاريخي بوده است. بر اين اساس سوالات اصلي مقاله حاضر به اين شرح است: ابعاد و مؤلفه­ هاي استمرار و در طرف مقابل انقطاع تاريخي در يك پهنه زيست اجتماعي مانند بافت­هاي تاريخي كدامند؟ از نظر خبرگان كداميك از عوامل و بسترهاي مسببِ دو نگرش فوق، از اهميت بيشتري برخوردار است؟ اين نوشتار در پي گردآوري و اهميت­ سنجي ابعاد و مؤلفه­ هاي استمرار و گسست در بافت­ هاي­ تاريخي است. براي رسيدن به پاسخ پرسش­ هاي مطروحه روش تحقيق تركيبي مورد نظر است. به اين صورت كه در پس مرور منابع موجود و دستيابي به عوامل دو نگرش استمرار و گسست، ابتدا آن‌ها را به روش تعداد ارجاعات و سپس پرسشنامه خبرگان مورد سنجش و وزن­دهي قرار مي­ دهد. اگرچه اعتبار وزن ­دهي خبرگان بيش از تعداد ارجاعات است (به‌دليل اهميت بومي­ سازي مؤلفه­ ها و گسترگي منابع)، اما همسويي اين دو روش مي‌تواند ملاك مورد اعتمادي براي اهميت­ بخشي به ابعاد و مؤلفه­ ها باشد.

In comparison to urban texture, contemporary texture, which is formed from the beginning of the present century, occupies less space and was formed based on pedestrian connection. Contemporary texture was on a gradual increase and there was a relative correlation between needs of residents and building of infrastructures,providing services which because of this, there was a balance between residential and other users. The new needs were not forced on texture’s space structure and idea of “housingrepair” was popular as oppose to the idea “housingreplacement”. But since the beginning of 40s(Persian calendar),Due to numerous reasons such as the overwhelming effect of foreign culturecompared to past, sheer residential use of the space and high dependency on new cities facilities has put historical textures among one of the most unbalanced urban textures. This has been an ongoing process and majority of historical textures and their residents are facing new problems and unstable factors on daily basis. Some experts believe that there had been a continuous trend previously and recent occurrences has caused an interruption in history. There are two completely different perspectives regarding this issue, one believes that there has been a continuity in different eras of the history but the other believes that due to interruption, these eras are not necessary part of an evolution. However this continuity throughout the 3000 years up to beginning of the present century has been confirmed by many experts. Historians and social theorists have different views on the historical course of these issues in Iran, which are classified into three categories. Based on this, and given the fact that the historical-social dimensions have had a definite influence on the architecture of Iran, the impact of different views on history can be traced back to architecture, with the difference that the reflection of social change on architecture has taken place with a slight delay, which includes the past six decades. Accordingly, this study has raised some questions as following: What are the elements and components of continuity as oppose to interruption in a social life zone such as historical textures? Which factors and bases effective in birth of these two perspectives are the most important from experts’ point of view?