كليدواژه :
طب دوره‌ي اسلامي , نقاشي گرمابه اي , مزاج هاي چهارگانه , health , سلامتي , حمام
چكيده فارسي :
درباره ي خاستگاه هاي نظري تكوين حمام هاي جهان اسلام از منظر علوم طبيعي قديم (علم طب) تحقيقات اندكي وجود دارد. هرچند غالب متون طب دوره ي اسلامي به ابعاد تعامل انسان و محيط براي سلامتي انسان پرداخته اند؛ اما نقش تعاليم اين متون در بازخواني خاستگاه هاي نظري آفرينش معماري و سازماندهي محيط بررسي نشده است. استحمام و معماري حمام يكي از زمينه هاي ميان رشته اي پيوند طب و معماري هستند كه بيشتر پزشكان قديم بخشي از آثار خود را به نقش آنها در سلامتي و درمان اختصاص داده اند. مساله ي اين پژوهش، واكاوي مباني نظري شكل گيري حمام هاي جهان اسلام به گزارش متون طب دوره ي اسلامي است. مقاله ي حاضر به روش تفسير تاريخي تعاليم طب جسماني و روحاني متون را در تكوين ساختار معماري و مضامين نگارگري در حمام ها بررسي مي كند. يافته هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه حمام ها ي جهان اسلام منطبق بر طبيعت بدن و نفس انسان و در نتيجه عالم (طبيعت) هستند. اين تشابهات شامل انطباق مراتب بخش هاي حمام با مزاج هاي چهارگانه ي انساني و انطباق مضامين نقاشي گرمابه اي با نفوس سه گانه ي انساني است. هدف از اين تشابهات ساختاري و محتوايي نيز ايجاد محيطي متناسب با طبيعت انسان براي حفظ اعتدال مزاج و سلامتي پايدار جسم و روان است
چكيده لاتين :
Concerning the theoretical origins of the bathroom formation in Islamic civilization,
from antique natural sciences (medicine) viewpoint, there are trivial researches. Although
most of the Medieval Islamic medical texts dealt with the various aspects of human -
environment interaction for health, the instructions of these texts in assessing the
theoretical tenets of architectural creation have not been studied from the interdisciplinary
links of natural sciences and architecture history perspective. The trace of architecture and
medicine connection can be found in the medical texts of ancient Greece and Ten books on
architecture. Vitruvius viewed the knowledge about different climates and healthy/unhealthy
places quite essential for architects and believed that without these sorts of knowledge the
adequacy of a residence was not provided. Following the predecessors, Medieval Islamic
physicians supposed medicine as a science for the elements and temperaments of a human
and considered its objective as health maintenance while being healthy and recovering
while being patient. Bathing and bathrooms are interdisciplinary fields linking architecture
and medicine; hence most of the antique physicians devoted some part of their works to the
role of them. Since long time ago, beside the ceremonial, social, and hygienic functions,
bathing has had direct impact on health protection (body/spirit) and the treatment of some
illnesses. Although for the predecessors bathing originally pertains to the excretion of
waste matters from body, additionally most physicians have focused on its advantages
and disadvantages of health and the cure of diseases as well as some features of bathroom
architecture. From all these instructions we perceive that besides cleanliness, refreshment,
body recovery and some pain relieving functioning of bathing and bathroom architecture,
in fact, they are reminiscences of natural and gradual return of moderation into body and
self, based on natural philosophical theories towards human-cosmos affinity.
In this article I try to delineate the theoretical origins of bathroom’s formation in Islamic
civilization by taking the Medieval Islamic medical texts into consideration. The major
question is: what is the scientific origins and principles of the formation of bathrooms?This article approach is historical interpretation of Medieval Islamic Medical texts about the
role of bathing and bathrooms in preventing and paving the way for the human physicalspiritual
moderation. The theoretical framework on which this study has been formed is the
scrutiny of architecture general pattern and painting in bathrooms based on the instructions
of the two fields of Physical Medicine (al-Tibb al-Jesmani) and Spiritual Medicine (al-Tibb
al-Ruhani). Since according to ancient Medicine the human health relies on the moderation of
human strengths and temperaments through the coordination and adaptation of body and mind
with the nature, hence this article claims that the structure of different sections in bathrooms
of Islamic civilization is in harmony with human body (temperaments) and the themes of
the paintings in these bathrooms are in accord with human selves. The findings of this study
indicate that the formation of Medieval Islamic bathrooms has been based on the instructions of
natural sciences, due to the interactions amongst physicians with artists and architects of senior
rank in their castes. In fact, the creators of paintings and bathrooms founded the professional
tenets and concepts of their crafts by imbibing the instructions of natural sciences sages and
translating them into their profession jargon. Based on the medical knowledge, the most
significant theoretical origin of Islamic artists and architects in the formation of bathrooms is
justifiable due to the structural resemblance of a human and cosmos. In other words, bathrooms
are in accord with body elements and types of self, in essence with cosmos. These resemblances
include the correspondence of bathroom sections and human four temperaments as well as
the correspondence of bathroom paintings and human triple self. The basic objective of these
resemblances, structural and thematic, in bathrooms has been the creation of an environment in
accord with human nature for keeping the temperament moderation and durable health.
