كليدواژه :
نقوش هندسي(گره) , اجزاء محراب , محراب‌هاي گچبري , نقوش گياهي , ايلخاني
چكيده فارسي :
محراب هاي گچبري عصر ايلخاني، به عنوان يكي از باشكوه ترين جلوه هاي تزئين در معماري اين دوره، علاوه بر تنوع آشكار در فرم ها و ابعاد ساخت، شامل مجموعه ي منحصربفردي از آرايه ها و همچنين كتيبه هاي گوناگون مي باشد. اين نقوش كه تقريبا، در كليه ي اجزاء و قسمت هاي محراب هاي گچبري اعم از پيشاني، حاشيه ها، ستون ها (پيلك)، سرستون ها، طاقنماها و لچكي ها به چشم مي خورد؛ شامل انواع نقوش گياهي (اسليمي و ختايي) و هندسي (گره) است كه در اكثر نمونه ها، تلفيق آنها با خطوط و اقلام موجود (كوفي، ثلث و...) ديده مي شود. در اين مقاله، علاوه بر معرفي انواع آرايه هاي هندسي به كار رفته در محراب هاي گچبري عصر ايلخاني، تنوع، تداوم يا تكرار هر يك از گره هاي مذكور و نحوه ي كاربرد آن ها در بخش هاي مختلف محراب ها، از حيث وسعت فضاي اختصاص يافته و مكان به كار برده شده، مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته است. روش يافته اندوزي بر پايه پژوهشي ميداني (عكاسي، طرح خطي1 تصاوير) و با استناد به منابع مكتوب صورت گرفته كه به روش تاريخي-تطبيقي، برمبناي الگوهاي هندسي، به تحليل داده هاي بدست آمده از نمونه هاي مطالعاتي مي پردازد. نتايج حاصله، كه از بررسي 12 محراب گچبري تاريخ دار يا منسوب به دوره ي ايلخاني به دست آمده، حاكي از آن است كه كاربرد نقوش هندسي در اين محراب ها، حضوري پررنگ داشته كه بيشترين درصد را، گره هايي برپايه عدد مبناي2 شش و هشت (گره هاي شش و شمسه، هشت و طبل گردان و...) به خود اختصاص داده است. اين گره ها غالبا، در ديوارهاي جانبي و روبروي طاقنما و حاشيه هاي محراب هاي گچبري قرار گرفته و تقريبا در اكثر موارد، با نقشمايه هاي گياهي (گل، برگ و...) و شكل هاي هندسي ساده (دايره، مثلث، لوزي و...)، توأمان شده است
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: The plaster altars of Ilkhanid period, as one of the most glorious decorative
representations of architecture of this period, are a unique collection of motifs and different
inscriptions that has a great diversity in construction dimensions and forms. These reliefs that
are included in almost all parts of plaster altars, including frontal, margins, columns, capitals,
arches, etc. have different plant (arabesque and khataei) and geometric reliefs most of them are
integrated with existing Kufic scripts. In this article, the researcher tries to introduce different
geometric motifs used in plaster altars of Ilkhanid period and evaluate the variety, constancy
or frequency and application of each of these nodes in different parts of altars, in terms of the
extent of assigned area and the used position.
In this research that is done with a focus on the stuccoed altars attributed to the Ilkhanid period
12 stuccoed altars are selected from 5 provinces and the researcher tries to answer the following
questions: what are the mostly used nodes in the stuccoed altars of the Ilkhanid period? Where
are these nodes used in different parts of the altar and what is their relation with the plant
designs or lines used in the altars? Regarding the fact that needle decorations are identified
as the common geometric designs in the plaster works of Seljuq and Ilkhanid periods, the
researcher does not consider them in this research and just focuses on the node designs. Since
it is very important to deal with the plaster arrays that have geometric motifs and there is not
any rule to detect and distinguish the altars of Ilkhanid period from the samples that were made
before, this research can be considered as an introduction for understanding the visual styles of
the ornaments during the Ilkhanid period which have been ignored in the literature so far.
Methodology: Data collection has been made based on field research (taking photos, linear
analysis of pictures) and written references that has analyzed the collected data from the
samples through historical- comparative method based on geometric patterns. First, each altar
and its motifs (especially the geometric ones) are described and then, they are classified and
analyzed using the tables, diagrams and investigating some samples of the geometric motifs
and the places they were used and also integrating them with other motifs and scrolls. The data was collected using documentary resources, field researches, observations made by the authors,
images of the geometric motifs of the altars and drawing different types of nodes with Matrix
7.0.
Conclusion: The results obtained from 12 dated plaster altars of Ilkhanid period shows that the
role of these Knots in these altars is very important most of them are based on the numbers 6 and
8. These Knots are mostly on the side walls, in front of arch and the edges of the plaster altars
and in the most studied samples, the Knots are integrated with plant motifs (flowers, leaves,
etc.) and simple geometric figures (circle, triangle, oval, etc.). Among the studied stuccoed
altars, the only one in which nodes have been used widely, is the arcade of the altar in the central
Mosque of Orumieh (Urmia) because this kind of node has not been used in any of the other
plastered altars of Ilkhanid period. Oljeitu altar is the only example in which there is the unique
node of reversed top that has been combined with Kufic inscriptions.
Generally, it is possible to classify the nodes in the stuccoed altars of Ilkhanid period in terms
of patterns and designs into the following groups: the function of simple nodes alone in the
narrow borders; the integration of simple and complex nodes with the plant designs (flower and
leaf); using node on background of plants designs such a way that these two forms of design
are not related meaningfully; the integration of node with the Kufic inscriptions. The spaces in
the altars that are assigned to the nodes are the inner surface of arcades, front or side wall of the
arcades, spandrels and half columns and because these sections are so important in the altars,
the function of nodes in the stuccoed altars cannot be ignored or considered as subsidiary. But
what is important here is that almost in all the samples that were studied (except some nodes
that were used in the narrow borders and columns), the nodes have been integrated with the
plant elements (arabesques and khataei) or exist beside them simultaneously and this is one of
the significant features of geometric motifs in the stuccoed altars of Ilkhanid period.
