پديد آورندگان :
ناظر، زينب دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري و شهرسازي , بلالي اسكويي، آزيتا دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري و شهرسازي , كي‌نژاد، محمدعلي دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري و شهرسازي
كليدواژه :
روشنايي فضايي , عملكرد نورگيرها , گنبدخانه , شفافيت
چكيده فارسي :
از مهم ترين مسائل مرتبط با معماري مساجد، چگونگي طراحي فضاهاي معنوي از جمله گنبدخانه مي باشد. پژوهش حاضر، شفافيت گنبدها را در مساجد با تاكيد بر عملكرد روشنايي فضايي، مورد بررسي قرار مي دهد. اهميت موضوع اين مطالعه، علاوه بر آنكه باعث درك بهتر گونه ها از لحاظ عملكرد نوري و مقاصد مختلف گنبدها مي شود؛ به دليل اينكه عامل شفافيت معنوي هر نوع را در نظر مي گيرد؛ مي تواند فضاهاي معنوي گنبدخانه را در معماري احيا كند. روش تحقيقي كه براي اين امر مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است؛ تركيبي متوالي- تبييني مي باشد. در اينجا در مرحله ي اول، داده هاي كمي و سپس در مرحله ي دوم داده هاي كيفي گردآوري و تحليل مي شوند. در نهايت هر دو تحليل كمي و كيفي يك جا مورد تفسير قرار مي گيرند. تحقيق حاضر، با استفاده از اندازه گيري هاي ميداني كه ابزار مورد استفاده براي جمع آوري داده ها، دوربين هاي عكاسي و تصويربرداري و براي برداشت دقيق اطلاعات كمي روشنايي، از دستگاه هاي ديجيتالي روشنايي سنج و روشنايي سنج ساده استفاده شد. ضمن كاربست اين روش، با بررسي اسناد و مدارك مرتبط با طراحي مساجد، و به صورت ميداني دو دسته مضمون براي طراحي گنبدخانه، با تاكيد بر مفهوم شفافيت استخراج شده است كه عبارتند از مضامين فيزيكي و معنوي. در اين پژوهش با نظام مند كردن اين مضامين در يك سامانه ي سلسله مراتبي دوسطحي، شبكه ي مضامين شفافيت فضايي براي طراحي گنبدخانه استخراج شده است كه استناد به اين شبكه، ارزيابي روشمند شفافيت فضايي گنبدخانه ي مساجد را ميسرنمود. بدين صورت، بعد از كار ميداني به صورت نورسنجي به تبيين عوامل فيزيكي و كمي تاثيرگذار بر كيفيت روشنايي پرداخته شد و بعد از مشخص كردن عوامل فيزيكي تاثيرگذار بر كيفيت روشنايي گنبدخانه، به تبيين مولفه هاي كيفي شفافيت در ارتباط با شاخصه هاي كمي پرداخته شده و با مولفه هاي كيفي تبيين شده به ارزيابي درجه ي شفافيت گنبدخانه مساجد مورد بررسي شده؛ پرداخته شد. تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات نشان مي دهد تمام مشخصه هاي متفاوت گنبدها به شيوه ي خود بر روي ميزان معنويت و شفافيت -كه نورگيرها ايجاد مي كنند- تاثير مي گذارند. همچنين نشان مي دهد كه تجلي شفافيت معنوي در معماري مساجد در روابط دوطرفه با مستورسازي و روشن سازي مي باشند و با مشخصه هاي شفافيت از جمله پويايي، سياليت، پيوستگي، روابط بين فضاي داخلي و خارجي، بي ماده شدن، انعطاف پذيري و سازگاري، خوانايي و مطلوبيت و گستره ي فضايي از طريق روشنايي ارتباط برقرار مي كند. بديهي است با درك بهتر اثرات اين مشخصه ها، طراحي گنبدهاي مدرن -كه براي نيازهاي معاصر مناسب تر هستند- امكان پذير مي شود
چكيده لاتين :
This research studies the concept of transparency behaviour of domes in Islamic mosque, with
emphasis on the notion of the spiritual lighting.The topic of this study is important not only
because it allows for a better understanding of the different types and purposes of these domes,
but also because through calculating the veiling and revealing factor of each type, one can
regenerate the use of dome in the architecture.In the analysis of quantitative factors, the quality
of light in space and how to show the influence of Iranian architecture, structural elements
play a prominent role.In the other words:Phrases related architectural lighting control within
architecture elements that define spatial quality, are to identify and understand the value and
meaning of the concept of light, began to attention to the importance of light in architecture.
The research method was used for which it is the consecutive combination explanation. Here, in
the first stage, the quantitative data collected and analyzed, then in the second stage qualitative
data collected and analyzed. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analyzes are interpreted
together.
The present study uses field measurements that the instrument used to collect the data,
cameras and imaging and to take accurate of brightness quantitative information, and the
digital photometer and simple devices were used, and its information has been gathered from
documents and fieldwork. In this way the fieldwork for photometry to factors of physical and
quantitative impact on the quality of light were studied and after identifying the physical factors
affecting the quality of lighting the domes, the defining quality components transparency in
relation to the characteristics of quality discussed and with quality components explaining to
evaluate the degree of transparency of the domes of mosques reviewed, were studied. After
examining different examples, seven residential mosque (Taj al-Mulk dome Isfahan Jame
Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan, Blue Mosque of Tabriz, Barsian mosque, Imam Mosque in Isfahan, Jame Mosque of Yazd, Jame Mosque Ardestān) werechosen in the Iranian
Islamic architecture.
The tools used to gather the data were cameras for photography and videorecording and a
photometer for measuring light levels. The analysis of the information gathered indicates that the
differentcharacteristics of domes all in their own way affect the level of spirituality and purity and
transparency that the domesprovides. By examining the physical properties dome, transparency
evokes components include: Unity (Unity means the harmony of the whole composition. The
parts of a composition made to work together as a total visual theme. Unity is the relationship
among the elements of a visual that helps all the elements function together. Unity gives a sense
of oneness to a visual image. In other words, the words and the images work together to create
meaning.), spatial continuity of light (a way to show how one type of space is directly linked to
another by the light elements), the relationship between inside and outside (Physical or sensual
links between inside and outside must be defined in some way that can characterize unique
identity of each space and also establish proper interaction in whole architectural space. This
proper interaction can create sense of consistency and integrity between this two spatial realms
and furthermore express a link and boundary that if it is developed causes to creation another
space that it is not inside or outside but it poses some character of each kind; this ambiguous
moment of spatial experience, with focus as a connection between inside and outside, can be
named “in-between”), lightness and dematerialization, resilience and adaptability, utility and
readability (reading space is a process of using spatial knowledge appropriately after acquiring
it and processing it in the mind), expansion spatial and light balance in space, was determined,
each of which is associated with the physical properties of the atmosphere of a traditional
mosque dome were examined, that indicated the highest degree of transparency in the dome
of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque with 95%, and lowest degree of transparency is in the dome of
Ardestān Mosque with 50%. The data analysis shows, all different characteristic domes with our
way affectson the spirituality and the skylights creates transparency, and show that expression
of spiritual clarity on the architecture of mosques in their bilateral relations with cover and
illumination. By better understanding the effects of these characteristics, it is possible to design
modern domes and skylight that arebetter suited to contemporary tasks.
