كليدواژه :
بندر تاريخي بوشهر , معماري بومي , معماري اسلامي , ايران , شناشير
چكيده لاتين :
Islamic architecture in different territories has taken on various representations in harmony with
natural and cultural contexts. Vernacular architecture of Bushehr Port is one the representations which
encompasses features distinguished from those of other cities in the northern coastline of the Persian
Gulf. Due to the special geographical position of this port and connection with other countries, one of the
features is the existence of an element called “Shanashir» in the building facades, which has contributed
to the interior-exterior architectural pattern of Bushehr Port, as well as privacy fulfilment.
Shanashir is generally known as a wooden element appended to the interior and exterior façade of the
building. As a semi-open space, it provides a view from interior space to the exterior space of yard or
urban space and is regarded as a modifying element of climatic conditions in hot and humid climate of
Bushehr. This research used qualitative method and case study strategy with the aim of finding typology
of this element, so as to find which types of Shanashir are important in the architecture of Bushehr Port in
terms of form, what function this element serves, what types are predominant in this regard, what factors
contribute in Shanashir placement, and what direction Shanashirs mostly have. In this regard, first the
literature of the history of Shanashir was reviewed using library resources for data collection. Second,
aiming at studying functions of Shanashir and its physical components, essential data were collected by
reviewing library documents and field study. For field study, non-participatory observation was used so
as to extract functions of this element by watching people’s living manner in Shanashir-included houses
and behavior of Shanashir users. Moreover, oral interview with the users contributed to the scrutiny of
the functions. Photography, sketch, and note taking were other tools used in this phase. Third, in order to
approach the typology of Shanashir, written and visual resources regarding Bushehr buildings that have
Shanashir were scrutinized and data were classified, and then all Shanashir-included buildings located in
the historical texture of Bushehr were visited and the required information for the research was classified.
The historical texture of Bushehr covers an area of 4.5 hectare, which encompasses four historic
neighborhoods. To approach the typology, it was needed to study the texture. One of the research
limitations at this point is destruction of some buildings in the east coast of the historical texture of
Bushehr during Pahlavi era because of construction and development of the Bushehr Port Organization,
and that of other buildings with the construction of the north-south Street passing through the texture.These two parts probably had remarkable Shanashir-included monuments particularly in the eastern part of
the texture, as apart from a few famous monuments the remaining were destructed and there is no information
but few pictures with indistinctive location. In addition to the large-scale destructions, a number of buildings
were demolished due to the lack of attention and timely restoration, and there is little information on them.
Moreover, some owners did not allow us to enter their buildings in order to visit the interior Shanashirs,
and some monuments were demolished to such an extent that it was impossible to collect date about the
existing situation of Shanashir. In the Comprehensive Plan of the Old Texture of Bushehr, 1013 buildings
are specified within the historic barrier. Based on this map, field study was initiated and every single building
specified in the map was visited and photographed. According to the field study, out of 1013 buildings a
number of 565 buildings were demolished and new buildings with different plans were replaced with historical
plans. Moreover, a number of 86 buildings were dilapidated and impossible to be seen. Thus, a number of
362 buildings remained in the second phase were investigated more precisely, among which a number of 29
buildings had Shanashir.
Analysis of available Shanshir showed that 48 percent of Shanashir-included buildings are located in Koti
Neighborhood, 42 percent in Behbahani Neighborhood, 7 percent in Shanbandi Neighborhood, and 3 percent
in Dehdashti Neighborhood. Furthermore, 45 percent of exterior Shanashirs were seen in monuments adjacent
to the seashore, and 24 percent of the remaining were near square, 17 percent near the plaza, and 14 percent
were located in within-texture passages. The results of the analyzing Shanashirs placement in buildings
indicated that two major types of Shanashir namely interior and exterior Shanshir exist in Bushehr vernacular
architecture, which are classified into semi-open and closed classes based on the level of closeness. Closed
Shanshir were used in few numbers and only in exterior façade. Form typology of exterior Shanashir can be
classified into two main classes; linear and bi-directional (L-shaped) Shanashir. The latter can entail 90 degree
or more angle or curve intersection. Interior Shanashirs can be classified into four main classes; unidirectional
(linear), bi-directional (L-shaped), three-directional (U-shaped) and four-directional. Based on the place of
Shanashir, inside or outside of buildings, some differences exist in their functions and components. This
research shows that the dominant type of exterior Shanashir is semi-open unidirectional (linear) type and the
dominant type of interior Shanashir is probably three-directional type. By studying the location of exterior
Shanashirs, it is concluded that adjacency to the seashore or having a spatial opening to urban spaces such as
a square or a plaza play an important role in the place of Shanashir establishment.
