پديد آورندگان :
هاشمي طغرالجردي، مجيد دانشگاه ولي عصر (عج) رفسنجان - دانشكده فني , آصفي، مازيار دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز , مهاجري، مظفر دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز
كليدواژه :
گشايش و پيوستگي فضايي , قلمرو رفتاري , حياط و حوضخانه , خانه هاي سنتي كرمان , ميدان مغناطيسي , حريم
چكيده فارسي :
محققين معتقدند كه معماري ايراني در دوره اسلامي روندي تكاملي داشته و همزمان با كاهش توده براي افزايش فضا خلاقيت فضائي ويژه اي بروز و ظهور نموده كه موجب سهولت ارتباطات و افزايش آسايش ساكنين شده است. تعاليم اسلام به توصيف رفتار مناسب مسلمانان مي پردازد و نظام ارتباطي خانه ها بايد نمادي از الگوهاي رفتاري شريعت و تسهيل كننده تكاليف شرعي يك مسلمان باشد. با توجه به اهميتشناخت الگوهايي كه مقبوليت و سهولت تكرار پذيري داشته و در معماري كنوني امكان حضورشان فراهم باشد اين تحقيق به دنبال پاسخگوئي به اين سوال است كه در كدام الگوي متكامل خانه هاي سنتي كرمان، خلاقيت در گسترش چشم انداز حياط و پيوستگي فضاي بسته موجب توسعه پذيري آنها متناسب با ويژگي ساكنين شده و چگونه هندسه مستتر در فضاي دروني با ويژگي هاي معنايي مكان هم افزايي يافته اند؟ اين مقاله پس از مطالعه تطبيقي در سه محله سنتي شهر كرمان و با مقايسه پلان و فضاي خانه هاي هدف با روش تحليلي- توصيفي نشان مي دهد كه در روندي خلاقانه، كاملترين گشايش فضايي در حياط خانه هايي صورت گرفته كه تركيبي از فضاي حياط، ايوان و ته گاه (صفه) مي باشد. اين خلاقيت براي گشايش و پيوستگي فضا در خانه هايي كه داراي اين الگو نبوده در محيط حوضخانه صورت گرفته كه در متكاملترين نوع آن، ضمن رعايت حريم و قلمرو رفتاري شريعت با خلق فضاي چليپائي حوضخانه به گونه اي انتظام يافته كه اولا امكان استفاده چندگانه از فضا را ميسر نموده و در ثاني راه يابي به درون فضا و تركيب داخلي آن به گونه ايست كه نقاط تاكيد بصري در نظامي چند لايه از مركز حوضخانه در كف تا فضاي هورنو مركزي سقف بنا امتداد يافته است. اين فضاي مركب ضمن ايجاد كوران و تهويه مناسب در تركيبي از آب و نور موجب ايجاد محور عمودي است كه از زمين تا آسمان امتداد يافته و مركز حوض را به سقف آسمان پيوند زده است. نقش هندسه انتظام تك فضاهاي سيالي است كه براي كمال خود درون مرزهاي يكديگر لغزيده است و حركت فيزيكي فرد و بصري چشم او موجب ايجاد چشم اندازهاي جديد فضايي شده كه با هم افزايي ميدان هاي مغناطيسي در فرم هاي كاربندي و مقرنس در كنار حركت روزانه و فصلي نور، الگوي خلاقانه اي از فضا ايجاد مي شود كه اين امر باعث انبساط خاطر استفاده كنندگان و خلق تجربه هاي نوين فضائي مي شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Researchers believe that the Iranian architecture in the Islamic era experienced an evolutionary
process and the subject of spatial creativity, together with the reduction of volume and matter,
has caused the dynamicity of space and facility of movement. With regard to the significance
of discovering patterns with a repeatability and creation capacity in the current architecture, this
paper aims to answer the question whether or not in Kerman›s traditional houses, creativity in
the subject of the spatial openness of the courtyard and coherence in the pool house by reaching
a unique pattern caused the extensibility of desirable human space in proportions with the user›s
characteristics. The geometry that is hidden in the internal space is synergistic with meaningful
characteristics of the place. After a comparative study in three traditional neighborhoods of the city
of Kerman and by comparing the plan and spaces of the target houses using the analytic-descriptive
method, this paper shows that the most complete spatial openness is seen in the courtyard of houses
where there was a combination of the courtyard›s space, the porch and the platform in a creative
process. In houses where this pattern was missing, this process is seen in the pool house, and it
is done in its most complete way and with observing the behavioral sanctum and limit, created
a cruciform space in an ordered fashion in which the possibility of multiple uses of the space is
provided and access to the inside of the space is reached in a way that the points of visual stress
are prolonged in a multi-layered system from the center of the pool house to the central space of
the building. This compound space, together with creating suitable ventilation, in a combination
of water and light, creates a vertical line that is drawn from the ground to the sky and connects the
center of the pool to the sky. The role of ordered geometry is in fluid single-spaces where they slide
inside each other›s boundaries for their own perfectness and by synergizing magnetic fields and in
a bond with light, created a creative pattern of space, and this causes the satisfaction of the users.
The study of religious culture is of great importance in the understanding of behavioral patterns of
different nations and religions. The affecting factors of culture in the built environment in Kerman
city which includes people from various religions such as Muslims, Zoroastrians and Jewish, has
less been studied and evaluated. This has faced planners with lots of difficulties in the development
of design and renovating guidelines and principles. In recent decades, the context of urban district
of cultural- historical cities like Kerman has changed drastically with the sales of construction
density and the building of inconsistent apartments in terms of environment and general culture of the city. Today, in order to obtain the social sustainability of dwellings, it is necessary to maintain
and revitalize the orders and culture dominating the traditional and past architecture in which a proper
interaction between human and the built environment has been implemented.
As the architectural spaces can be influenced by culture and the culture is emerged in a physical space,
the initial layer affecting Kashan’s historic houses is the Islamic Culture which is also expressed in the
principles including maintaining private territories, respecting neighbor’s rights and honoring guests.
In spite of the challenge that has been introduced in architectural spaces by axes and centers, reaching
a balance has been an important task seeking by the architects of Kerman’s traditional homes. This has
been done through careful understanding of natural and artificial elements affecting their architecture.
Islamic truths and principles describing the proper behaviors of Muslims and the connecting orders
among homes should be a symbol of behavioral patterns of Law and simplifying the religious tasks of
Muslim people.
A space is created through the connection among its constituting elements. An architectural space can
be developed by the interconnection and interaction among elements, objects, boundaries and surfaces.
Edges and corners are of the main components of conceiving a space. The use of curve lines as seen in
Karbandi and Mogharnas, stimulates our imagination in such a way that with the characteristics of eyes,
the blind point of vision and the points in eyes that form an appealing connection, creates a balance and
enjoying spatial composition. The traditional architects have been seeking a new and innovative quality
that is created by this composition. The mind relaxation and exhilaration of users is one of the purposes
of traditional architecture that in turn affects the creation of a balanced architecture in accordance with
Islamic behavioral patterns and environmental conditions.
