كليدواژه :
عشاير ايران , بررسي تطبيقي مسكن , بازشناسي , هويت
چكيده فارسي :
در دو سده گذشته بررسيهاي تطبيقي و گونهشناسي در علوم گوناگون از زيستشناسي گرفته تا معماري مطرح شده است. اين بحث از لحاظ محتوايي اهميتي در رديف مباحث نظري پايهاي معماري مانند فضا، شكل و فرم يافته است. شناخت گونهها در تمامي فعاليتها، آثار مجسم، تكرارشونده و ريشهدار بشري ميتواند كاربردي بس مؤثر داشته باشد. از اين جهت در پژوهش حاضر قصد بر اين است كه آثار ارزشمند عشاير ايران با سابقهاي به قدمت تاريخ ايران مورد تفحص و جستجو قرار گيرد. سابقه تاريخي اين اقوام نيز مسكن آنان را درخور توجه شايستهتر قرار ميدهد. نكته ديگري كه امروزه بررسيهاي مسكن عشاير ايران را حائز اهميت و شايان توجه مينمايد اين است كه امروزه نياز به مسكن متحرك و غيردائمي براي اسكان موقت و غير دائم به دلايل گوناگون ازجمله بحرانهاي طبيعي، اجتماعي و مشابه رو به توسعه است. با عنايت به مسائل پيشگفته بهنظر ميرسد با مطالعه مسكن عشايري ميتوان تجربيات تاريخي مربوط به مسكن متحرك را ثبت و ضبط كرد. طبيعتاً مطالعه، بررسي و استخراج ويژگيهاي مسكن عشاير ميتواند راهبردي براي معماران باشد. روش جمعآوري اطلاعات اين تحقيق مطالعه اسنادي و برداشتهاي ميداني بوده و روش تحقيق با طبقهبندي و تحليل محتوايي انجام ميگيرد. در ادامه مقايسه تطبيقي براساس تفاوتهاي شكلي و كالبدي با توجه به فرهنگ قومهاي متفاوت و جغرافياي زندگي آنان صورت خواهد گرفت. هدف جنبي پژوهش حاضر شناخت و بازخواني مسكن عشاير با هدف طرح الگوي مناسبي براي مساكن متحرك و مورد استفاده در مواقع بحران است. چنين بهنظر ميرسد استفاده و تلفيق اين اصول با تكنولوژي و فناوريهاي روز ميتواند گامي در جهت غناي طراحي و اجراي مسكن متحرك و قابلحمل باشد. چهبسا كه بتوان با تكيه به سنت و تجربيات تاريخي، راهي جديد و مؤثرتر در طراحي و تأمين مسكن متحرك، پيشساخته، سبكسازي، ارزانسازي و سازگاري بيشتر با طبيعت گشود. رعايت اصولي از قبيل سازگاري حداكثري با محيط، سهولت واچيني و باز چيني و جابجايي، سرعت كار، استفاده از مصالح بومي و غيره از جمله نكات قابل توجه در گونه هاي مختلف مسكن عشايري است.
چكيده لاتين :
In the past two centuries, comparative studies and typologies are proposed in various sciences from biology to architecture. The comparative researches have produces theoretic contents, which have gained the same recognition and value of outstanding studies on space, shape and form in architecture. On the other hand, typology studies on human activities, material culture, and all other ancient and iterative manifestations of civilization can produce valuable results too.
In this respect, the present study aims to investigate valuable works of Iranian nomads throughout the history of their migration over the Iranian plateau. It is noteworthy that housing or home is generally considered the location and important factor in the wellbeing of two important human dimensions; body and mind.
It is also an accepted fact that the formation of the home is based on culture, climate, economy and the prevalent building techniques in each community. Another justification for the study of housing among the Iranian nomads is the increasing importance and need for movable and non-permanent houses for various reasons, including natural disasters, social problems, and other relevant phenomenon. Nomadic housing offers the possibility of total removal and speedy reconstruction in different locations. In addition, it has the potential to accord with all the previously mentioned features affecting the formation of a home, especially culture, livelihoods, economy and prevalent building techniques.
One important feature of a nomadic lifestyle is its propensity for movements and migration. However, for different political, national security, social or welfare reasons, there have been incidents were the nomads were required to settle down in one location. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that these temporary settlements could not be justified for long-term nomadic lifestyle, and did not have an altering impact on their culture. The migration of nomads is one of the oldest methods of social life and livelihood practice that has survived in spite of predominant industrialized lifestyle in Iran. The Iranian nomads continue to coexist and interact with the environment, and persistently adapt their lifestyle with climate, geographical conditions, and requirements of each region. They systematically adjust their livelihood choices and the proper modes of expending natural resources to fit their needs and even the different cultural traditions of different tribes.
Based on the methodology of this research, the data collected through the examinations of documents and on-site observation has been analyzed and categorized through a comparative study of different tribes. The ulterior purpose of the current study is the reexamination of nomads’ housing style and techniques for their adaptability to disaster sheltering necessities. The common criteria of high compatibility with the environment, ease of handling and performance, speed of reassembly, and the use of local materials are important initiatives for this proposal. It seems that using and integration of these principles in science and technology could be a step to enrich design and implementation of removable and portable houses.